Tommaso mondial review

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2024.05.13 13:59 Sidechix EU-Based Slime Rehoming (Clearance)– Brand New and Preloved Options Available!

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2024.05.03 02:42 36_39_42 Research and newspaper articles associated with the 1933 magenta crash posted on the internet archive by Alfredo Lissoni

Hello all; I see alot of argument and misinformation being traded back and forth in the comments lately, and I've been doing my best to get ahold of an expert so I'm not so lost with these documents but that has stalled.
I elected to instead Google translate a few of the associated research and news articles posted on the internet archive by Alfredo Lissoni to demonstrate some basic facts that are claimed to be associated with the case.
The whole case DOES NOT rely solely on the documents sent in the 90s. Ive seen this so many times its gonna make my head explode. If you parrot this falsehood; you are not being intellectually rigerous and reading everything you need to read.
Find Roberto Pinnoti and friends full claims about the 1933 case here.
https://forum-termometropolitico-it.translate.goog/259673-x-files-fascisti.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp
No where else that I can find ties everything together like this link. If your serious about connecting claims to documents you must read the whole thing.
I'm rather certain that every newspaper I'm looking for in relation to the link above is on the archive but I'm having alot of trouble connecting a claim with a document in most cases because well, I don't speak/read Italian yet( am learning slowly)
Here's a few documents from the archive that were plainly important. I very carefully went over the Italian and English text as many times as my brain will allow so you'll have to forgive a few spelling discrepancies. In most cases I was typing the words from the newspaper word for word because of the image quality. This is not an easy task. It's no wonder that no one has done all this for free yet; because it's alot. I only did .01 percent of the work here and It's full of leads to study the actual historical side of this case.
This is not my final conclusions on the case; in fact I've gone to the beginning like this because I've already moved on a long way and connected alot of puzzle pieces in the timeframe after RS33.
This element of the case is trivial compared to the intreague and power dynamics between the germans, italian fascists, the vatican and the Americans.
A name you should look out for in the link above is Galeazzo Ciano.
My work is more focused broadly on this person because his diaries would later be coveted by Allen Dulles.
Allen Dulles personally visited Italy multiple times for these diaries and I am going to prove this action was not only because of their political importance but also because of their connection to the activities of the RS33 research. This work here ultimately has nothing to do with that element of my research; this should simply posit that the case from a historical standpoint has a real event associated with it.
Now I will say that the rest of the work must be done to independently verify the claims in the link above; but what I've seen is enough for me personally to go forward on.
I'm not claiming to have proven anything here on this post. Let's get that extremely clear because im not going to argue about it.
It's simply information.
Translated document 1
https://archive.org/details/cabinet-rs-33_20230330/page/n17/mode/1up?q=rs33
1.)A capo del Gabinetto RS/33, fin dalla sua istituzione, fu designato Guglielmo Marconi, sebbene il noto scienziato avesse più volte espresso l'opinione che al suo posto venisse designato l’astronomo Gino Cecchini. Mussolini -su parere di Giovanni Gentile- incaricò Marconi, senatore e di provata fede fascista, che ne faceva un elemento prestigioso ed anche politicamente affidabile.
Marconi però non partecipò mai a nessuna delle sedute del Gabinetto RS/33 che si tennero lui in vita, ma delegò costantemente un suo collaboratore che era indicato come dottor Ruggero Costanti Cavazzani, e che evidentemente era un nome di copertura di un personaggio mai identificato.
Altri componenti del Gabinetto RS/33 (RS stava per Ricerche Speciali) furono, nel corso del tempo e per periodi diversi, i professori : Dallauri, Pirotta, Crocco, Debbasi, Severi, Bottazzi e Giordani; nonché il conte Cozza quale referente organizzativo ed elemento di collegamento logistico con le massime gerarchie del regime: Mussolini, Italo Balbo, Galeazzo Ciano.
Il Gabinetto si riunì alcune volte per discutere di fenomeni oggi denominati ufologici e che all’epoca erano collegati ad attività di aeronautica militare. Il parere più diffuso tra gli esperti era che gli aereomobili sconosciuti fossero prototipi di velivoli inglesi e/o francesi. Solo in un paio di occasioni fu dichiaratamente posta la questione se tali oggetti fossero strumenti di volo interspaziale, e la questione rimase essenzialmente aperta. Il prodotto più consistente del Gabinetto RS/33 fu un dossier di una trentina di pagine che esaminava dettagliatamente tutta la casistica italiana, dal 1933 al 1940. Con lo scoppio della guerra (10 giugno 1940) il Gabinetto RS/33 fu ancor più militarizzato, e -cosa assai significativa- il governo nazista chiese più volte notizie, dati e dossier all’ente italiano.
Il Gabinetto RS/33 raccolse anche alcune fotografie di oggetti volanti non identificati ed anche un breve filmato realizzato sulle Alpi in occasione di un avvistamento notevole. Tali notizie sono ricavate indirettamente da altre fonti, poiché l'archivio del Gabinetto fu trasferito in Germania ed attualmente risulta irreperibile.
1.)Since its inception, Guglielmo Marconi was designated head of the RS/33 Cabinet, although the well-known scientist had repeatedly expressed the opinion that the astronomer Gino Cecchini should be designated in his place. Mussolini - on the advice of Giovanni Gentile - appointed Marconi, a senator with proven fascist faith, who made him a prestigious and also politically reliable element.
Marconi, however, never participated in any of the sessions of the RS/33 Cabinet which were held during his lifetime, but constantly delegated one of his collaborators who was indicated as Doctor Ruggero Costanti Cavazzani, and who was evidently a cover name for a person who was never identified.
Other members of the RS/33 Cabinet (RS stood for Special Research) were, over time and for different periods, the professors: Dallauri, Pirotta, Crocco, Debbasi, Severi, Bottazzi and Giordani; as well as Count Cozza as organizational contact and logistical link with the highest hierarchies of the regime: Mussolini, Italo Balbo, Galeazzo Ciano.
The Cabinet met a few times to discuss phenomena now called ufological and which at the time were connected to military aeronautics activities. The most widespread opinion among experts was that the unknown aircraft were prototypes of English and/or French aircraft. Only on a couple of occasions was the question openly raised whether such objects were interspace flight instruments, and the question remained essentially open. The most substantial product of the Cabinet RS/33 was a dossier of about thirty pages which examined in detail all the Italian cases from 1933 to 1940. With the outbreak of the war (10 June 1940) the Cabinet RS/33 was even more militarised, and - what is very significant - the Nazi government asked the Italian body for news, data and dossiers several times.
Cabinet RS/33 also collected some photographs of unidentified flying objects and also a short film made in the Alps on the occasion of a notable sighting. This information is obtained indirectly from other sources, since the Cabinet archive was transferred to Germany and is currently untraceable.
2.)Pirotta, Pietro Romualdo. Botanico (Pavia 1853-Roma (1936). Professore di botanica all'università di Roma (18831924) e di fisiologia vegetale pure presso l’ateneo romano (1924-28), fu l’ideatore e uno dei fautori più attivi della creazione del Parco nazionale degli Abruzzi. Copiosa è stata la sua produzione scientifica. Fra l’altro si occupò della peronospora e degli altri parassiti della vite, di istologia, anatomia ed embriologia vegetale. Scrisse anche un trattato di fisiologia vegetale; si occupò pure della flora romana ed eritrea, e del massimo interesse sono le sue pubblicazioni sulla storia della botanica. Senatore del regno, accademico d’Italia, dei Lincei, dei Quaranta e di varie Società di cultura italiane e straniere. Si ricordano le sue pubblicazioni sulla storia della botanica, in specie la Flora rorzana (1900-01), e il suo trattato di Fisiologia vegetale (1929). Fondò (1885) la rivista «Annuario del Regio istituto botanico di Roma», cui seguirono, dal 1903, gli «Annali di botanica». Alla scuola di P. si formò il nucleo iniziale degli studiosi italiani dei cicli biologici delle piante e dell’embriologia vegetale.
2.)Pirotta, Pietro Romualdo. Botanist (Pavia 1853-Rome (1936). Professor of botany at the University of Rome (1883-1924) and of plant physiology also at the Roman University (1924-28), he was the creator and one of the most active supporters of the creation of Abruzzi National Park. His scientific production was copious. Among other things he dealt with downy mildew and other vine parasites, histology, anatomy and plant embryology. He also wrote a treatise on plant physiology; and Eritrea, and of the greatest interest are his publications on the history of botany. Senator of the kingdom, academic of Italy, of the Lincei, of the Quaranta and of various Italian and foreign cultural societies. We remember his publications on the history of botany. in particular the Flora rorzana (1900-01), and his treatise on Plant Physiology (1929) the magazine «Annuario del Regio botanico di Roma», which was followed, from 1903, by the «Annali di botany» The initial nucleus of Italian scholars of plant biological cycles and plant embryology was formed at P.'s school.
3.) PIROTTA, Pietro Romualdo. — Botanico, nato a Pavia il 7 febbraio 1853. Ivi laureatosi in scienze naturali nel 1875, frequentò per qualche anno quel laboratorio crittogamico; nel 1879-1880 fu a Strasburgo per perfezionarsi presso il De Bary; nel 1880, in seguito a concorso, occupò la cattedra di botanica dell'università di Modena e nel 1883 fu chiamato a Roma, dove insegnò per 4i anni botanica e dove, nel 1924, passò alla cattedra di fisiologia vegetale che venne fino al 1928, epoca in cui fu collocato a riposo. Spetta a lui il merito di aver fondato a Roma, tra il 1884 e il 1889, l’Istituto e l'Orto Botanico attuali. Egli ha anche fondato e diretto per molti anni l'Annuario del R. Istituto Botanico di Roma e gli Annali di Botanica. È stato l'ideatore e il fautore più attivo della creazione del Parco nazionale d'Abruzzo, Nella sua copiosa produzione scientifica sono da rilevare principalmente i lavori sulla peronospora e gli altri parassiti della vite, i numerosi contributi all’istologia, all'anatomia e all'embriologia vegetale, le pubblicazioni sulla storia della botanica, in particolare quelle sulle Tabulae Phytosophicae del Cesi, la Flora Romana, la Flora Eritrea, il trattato di Fisiologia vegetale. È socio nazionale della R. Accademia dei Lincei, membro dei XL, e dal 1929 accademico d’Italia.
3.) PIROTTA, Pietro Romualdo. — Botanist, born in Pavia on 7 February 1853. Having graduated there in natural sciences in 1875, he attended that cryptogam laboratory for a few years; in 1879-1880 he was in Strasbourg to perfect his studies at De Bary; in 1880, following a competition, he occupied the chair of botany at the University of Modena and in 1883 he was called to Rome, where he taught botany for 4 years and where, in 1924, he moved to the chair of plant physiology which remained until 1928, period in which he was laid to rest. He deserves the credit of having founded the current Institute and Botanical Garden in Rome between 1884 and 1889. He also founded and directed for many years the Yearbook of the R. Botanical Institute of Rome and the Annals of Botany. He was the creator and most active supporter of the creation of the Abruzzo National Park. In his copious scientific production, the works on downy mildew and other vine parasites, the numerous contributions to histology, anatomy and to plant embryology, publications on the history of botany, in particular those on Cesi's Tabulae Phytosophicae, the Roman Flora, the Eritrean Flora, the treatise on Plant Physiology. He is a national member of the R. Accademia dei Lincei, a member of the XL, and an academic of Italy since 1929.
4.) Il Governo italiano promuove, il 3 aprile 1933, una legge speciale che fissa il finanziamento per la costruzione della Sede del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
Subito dopo il Direttorio del Consiglio dei Ministri affida lo studio del progetto al Comitato Nazionale per l'Ingegneria, costituendo allo stesso tempo un'apposita Commissione di studio presieduto dal Senatore Luigi Cozza
Il progetto definitivo viene redatto da Dagoberto Ortensi, che si occupa dell'impostazione architettonica e della decorazione e dell' arredo degli ambienti
L'edificio si estente su una superfice di 2.105 mq, a cui si aggiungeranno altri 1.720 mq di ampliamento previsti, Ha un volume di 54.445 me articolato su sei piani, per una altezza complessiva di circa 25 mt°
l'edificio viene realizzato dall'impresa di costruzione Tommaso e Alberto Mora, sotto la direzione di Antonio Carlini e inagurato il 21 Novembre 1937
4.)
On 3 April 1933, the Italian Government promoted a special law establishing the financing for the construction of the headquarters of the National Research Council
Immediately afterwards the Directory of the Council of Ministers entrusted the study of the project to the National Engineering Committee, at the same time establishing a specific study commission chaired by Senator Luigi Cozza
The final project is drawn up by Dagoberto Ortensi, who takes care of the architectural layout and the decoration and furnishing of the rooms
The building covers a surface area of 2,105 m2, to which another 1,720 m2 of planned expansion will be added. It has a volume of 54,445 m and is divided into six floors, for a total height of approximately 25 m.
the building was built by the construction company Tommaso and Alberto Mora, under the direction of Antonio Carlini and inaugurated on 21 November 1937
5.) Còzza, Luici, conte, — Ingegnere (Acquapendente 1867 - Roma 1955). Laureato a Roma nel e nel corpo del genio civile; dal 1925 al 1930 fu presidente del Consiglio superiore dei Lavori pubblici. È stato l’istitutore e l'organizzatore del Servizio idrografico italiano ed è autore di varie pubblicazioni sulle opere idrauliche. Senatore del Regno (1934)
5.)
Còzza, Luici, count, — Engineer (Acquapendente 1867 - Rome 1955). Graduated in Rome in and in the civil engineering corps; from 1925 to 1930 he was president of the Superior Council of Public Works. He was the founder and organizer of the Italian Hydrographic Service and is the author of various publications on hydraulic works. Senator of the Kingdom (1934)
6.)
Giordani, Francesco. Chimico (Napoli 1896-ivi 1961). Già accademico d’Italia dal 1930 al 1943, socio nazionale dell’Accademia dei Lincei dal 1935, ne divenne presidente nel 1958. Dal 1936 al 1943 fu presidente dell’IRI e dal 1956 al 1960 del CNR. Fu professore di elettrochimica e di impianti chimici presso la Scuola di ingegneria di Napoli e direttore dell'Istituto chimico di quella università. I suoi numerosi lavori (che gli valsero nel 1929 il premio reale per la chimica) riguardano specialmente l’elettrolisi, la catalisi e la cinetica chimica.
Si occupò anche di problemi economici, particolarmente rispetto alle zone sottosviluppate del Mezzogiorno (fu presidente dell’Associazione per lo sviluppo dell’industria nel Mezzogiorno).
6.)
Giordani, Francesco. Chemist (Naples 1896-ibid. 1961). Already an academic of Italy from 1930 to 1943, a national member of the Accademia dei Lincei from 1935, he became president in 1958. From 1936 to 1943 he was president of the IRI and from 1956 to 1960 of the CNR. He was professor of electrochemistry and chemical plants at the School of Engineering of Naples and director of the Chemical Institute of that university. His numerous works (which earned him the Royal Prize for Chemistry in 1929) concern especially electrolysis, catalysis and chemical kinetics.
He also dealt with economic problems, particularly with respect to the underdeveloped areas of the South (he was president of the Association for the development of industry in the South).
7.)
Vallauri, Giancarlo. Scienziato (Roma 1882-Torino 1957). Dopo aver frequentato l'Accademia navale di Livorno, si laureò in ingegneria presso la Scuola superiore politecnica di Napoli. Nel 1916, quando a Livorno si costituì presso l’Accademia navale l’Istituto elettrotecnico e radiotelegrafico della marina, V. ne divenne il capo e l'animatore di iniziative e di ricerche, di cui uno dei più mirabili frutti è l’eguazione di V., che rappresenta la prima teoria analitica del funzionamento dei tubi elettronici. Nel medesimo tempo si dedicò alla costruzione del Centro radiotelegrafico di Coltano, uno dei più grandiosi e moderni dell’epoca. Importanti sono gli studi da lui condotti nel campo del ferromagnetismo, che portarono alla conferma indiscussa dell’esistenza dell’isteresi magnetica rotante, allora assai controversa in campo internazionale. Intra-
7.)
Vallauri, Giancarlo. Scientist (Rome 1882-Turin 1957). After attending the Naval Academy of Livorno, he graduated in engineering from the Polytechnic High School of Naples. In 1916, when the electrotechnical and radiotelegraphic institute of the navy was established at the Naval Academy in Livorno, V. became its head and animator of initiatives and research, of which one of the most wonderful fruits is the equalization of V., which represents the first analytical theory of the functioning of electron tubes. At the same time he dedicated himself to the construction of the Coltano radiotelegraph centre, one of the grandest and most modern of the time. The studies he conducted in the field of ferromagnetism are important, which led to the undisputed confirmation of the existence of rotating magnetic hysteresis, which was then very controversial in the international field.
8.)
E' morto ieri a Torino il prof. Giancarlo Vallauri
Torino, 7 maggio
E' deceduto stamane all’ospedale delle Molinetto. dov'eth ricoverato fin dai primi di gennaio, il prof. Giancarlo Vallauri, eminente figura di scienziato. Nato a Roma nel 1882 da (umiriza Gi . origine piemontese, dopo ver partecipato Alla prima guerra mondiale come ufficiale di marina, diresse l'Istituto elettrotecnico della Marina fino al 1025, quando venne a Torino quale insegnante al Politecnico. di cu fu poi direttore dal 1933 al 1934,
Nominato membro dell'Accademia d'Italia, ne divenne vicepresidente per le scienze fisiche, matematiche e naturali. Fu membro del Consiglio superiore dei Lavori Pubblici. e del Comitato superiore Tecnico per i servizi elettrotecnici e delle comunicazioni; presidente di sezione del Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche: esperto della Societa deile Nazionj per ll servizio deile comunicazioni; presidente generale dell'Associazione elettrotecnica Italiana: presidente dell'Istituto nazionale « Galileo Ferraris» di elettrotecnica, componente del Comitato tecnico Interalleato delle Radiocomunicazioni.
Numerosi suol studi e pubblicazioni sia nel campo dell'elettrotecnica che della radiotecnica. Tra l'altro fu il primo a lurinulare la teoria matematica della valvola termoionica che si riassume nella e equazione di Vallauri ». Fu anche il precursore della misurazione a distanza del campo elettromagnetico irradiato da una stazione trasmittente
8.)
Prof. died yesterday in Turin. Giancarlo Vallauri
Turin, 7 May
He died this morning at Molinetto hospital. where he has been hospitalized since early January, Prof. Giancarlo Vallauri, eminent scientist. Born in Rome in 1882 of Piedmontese origin, after having participated in the First World War as a naval officer, he directed the electrotechnical institute of the Navy until 1925, when he came to Turin as a teacher at the Polytechnic. director from 1933 to 1934,
Appointed member of the Italian Academy, he became vice-president for the physical, mathematical and natural sciences. He was a member of the Superior Council of Public Works. and of the Higher Technical Committee for electrotechnical and communications services; section president of the National Research Council: expert of the Society of Nations for the communications service; general president of the Italian Electrotechnical Association: president of the "Galileo Ferraris" National Institute of Electrotechnics, member of the Inter-Allied Technical Committee of Radiocommunications. He studies and publishes both in the fields of electrical engineering and radio engineering. Among other things, he was the first to formulate the mathematical theory of the thermionic valve which is summarized in the Vallauri equation." He was also the forerunner of remote measurement of the electromagnetic field radiated by a transmitting station
Page 10 is unreadable to me
9.)
XIV GAETANO ArtURO Crocco - Commemorazione di B. Finzi. Il discorso inaugurale del secondo corso ebbe per titolo: « Dall’antiaereo alla base orbitale ». In essa affacciò l’idea del polistadio per accrescere la gittata, adombrò il problema del rientro per satelliti con equipaggio e quello del rifornimento nello spazio.
Fra le altre pubblicazioni ricordo quella su « La sopportazione fisiologica nei missili a reazione », la Nota lincea intitolata « La barriera della temperatura nei missili geodetici », quella su « Quesiti sui missili geodetici » del Seminario matematico e fisico di Milano. Ricordo altresì le belle sintesi «I fondamenti dell’astronautica », « Dal dirigibile al missile », « Anticipazioni di nautica interplanetaria », « Il primo passo verso l'astronautica » e molte altre, fra le quali sono degne di particolare rilievo le Note lincee « Formulazioni di Meccanica astronautica » del 1955, quella dell’Accademia pontificia « Possibilità e limiti della cosmonautica » del 1957. E’ stato memorabile il suo discorso inaugurale al VII Congresso astronautico internazionale di Roma nel 1956, nel quale, partendo dal satellite artificiale, si avventura nell'esplorazione siderale, valendosi della teoria della relatività. E' pure memorabile la sua proposta « Giro esplorativo di un anno Terra-Marte-Venere-Terra », ancor oggi detta « missione Crocco ». L'epoca più favorevole per la missione sarà il giugno 1971,
Nella Nota dell’Accademia pontificia del 1957 Crocco così profetizza: « L'alimentazione endogena del getto propulsore viene riserbata allo stadio finale di marcia, e si usufriusce dell’alimentazione esogena per partire dalla terra, frenare e ritornarvi. Gli stadi intermedi saranno percorsi a velocità uniforme senza consumo e le totali distanze valicabili consentiranno di scegliere le ricognizioni entro una sfera contenente 20.000 stelle. La più lontana richiederà 28 anni di vita dell'equipaggio per andare e tornare. Utopia! »... Ma, continua Crocco, «è stato detto che tutta la nostra civiltà è sbocciata dall’utopia ».
Dopo il volo del primo Sputnik, che realizzava quanto egli aveva vaticinato, concluse, al di là degli ottant'anni, la sua miracolosa attività di scienziato e di profeta col magistrale discorso al VII Convegno internazionale delle comunicazioni, tenutosi a Genova nel 1959, « Le determinanti dell'era astronautica », con quello tenuto nell'adunanza solenne del 1960 ai Lincei « Anticipazioni extra-terrestri » e con il suo contributo all'opera «Il mondo della tecnica » del 1962 « Il momento astro-cosmonautico ». E’ questo un piccolo trattato sull'attività spaziale dalle origini al volo di Gagarin, nel quale si spinge anche nell’ambito della teoria della relatività e della propulsione fotonica.
Ricordo infine i titoli di alcuni studi e meditazioni su problemi che esulano dall’aeronautica: « La proprietà scientifica », « La degradazione della ricchezza », « Il diavolo e la ricerca atomica » (storia della bomba atomica), « Discorso del gradiente » (riguardante l’accelerarsi esasperato del progresso scientifico), « Premesse scientifiche al diritto spaziale
9.)
XIV GAETANO ArtURO Crocco - Commemoration of B. Finzi. The inaugural speech of the second course was entitled: "From anti-aircraft to the orbital base". In it he presented the idea of the multi-stage to increase the range, he outlined the problem of re-entry for manned satellites and that of refueling in space.
Among the other publications I remember the one on «Physiological tolerance in jet missiles», the Nota lincea entitled «The temperature barrier in geodetic missiles», the one on «Questions on geodetic missiles» of the Mathematical and Physical Seminar of Milan. I also remember the beautiful summaries «The foundations of astronautics», «From the airship to the missile», «Previews of interplanetary nautical», «The first step towards astronautics» and many others, among which the Notes are worthy of particular note lincee « Formulations of Astronautical Mechanics » of 1955, that of the Pontifical Academy « Possibilities and limits of cosmonautics » of 1957. His inaugural speech at the VII International Astronautical Congress in Rome in 1956 was memorable, in which, starting from the artificial satellite , ventures into sidereal exploration, making use of the theory of relativity. His proposal for a "one-year exploratory tour of Earth-Mars-Venus-Earth" is also memorable, still known today as the "Crocco mission". The most favorable time for the mission will be June 1971,
In the Note of the Papal Academy of 1957 Crocco prophesies as follows: «The endogenous power supply of the propulsive jet is reserved for the final stage of travel, and the exogenous power supply is used to start from the earth, brake and return there. The intermediate stages will be traveled at uniform speed without consumption and the total distances that can be crossed will allow the choice of reconnaissance within a sphere containing 20,000 stars. The furthest will require 28 years of crew life to get there and back. Utopia! »... But, Crocco continues, «it has been said that our entire civilization blossomed from utopia».
After the flight of the first Sputnik, which realized what he had prophesied, he concluded, beyond the age of eighty, his miraculous activity as a scientist and prophet with a masterly speech at the VII International Communications Conference, held in Genoa in 1959, « The determinants of the astronautical era", with the one held in the solemn meeting of 1960 at the Lincei "Anticipations extra-terrestrials" and with his contribution to the work "The world of technology" of 1962 "The astro-cosmonautic moment". This is a small treatise on space activity from its origins to Gagarin's flight, in which he also delves into the theory of relativity and photonic propulsion.
Finally, I recall the titles of some studies and meditations on problems that go beyond aeronautics: "Scientific property", "The degradation of wealth", "The devil and atomic research" (history of the atomic bomb), "Discourse on the gradient" (concerning the exasperated acceleration of scientific progress), « Scientific premises for space law
10.)
Supponiamola di cinque, cioè “cinque volte quella che si risente in volo rettilineo o sulla superficie della terra, presa come unità. Trattasi di un elevato. ‘valore; di acrobazia pesante. In tale sopportazione. il peso del corpo del pilota diverrà mediamente di 360 chili, di cui 300 graveranno sul seggiolino e gli altri sui ‘comandi.’ Le sue braccia, distese sul volante o sulla leva di guida aggraveranno di una ventina di chili ciascuna e le gambe allungate verso la pedaliera dovranno complessivamente sostenere il sovraccarico di un centinaio di chili. Il cervello premerà per quasi sette chili sulla base del cranio; gli occhi affonderanno nell'orbita, generando il fenomeno del veder nero e le palpebre si appesantiranno come per sonno improvviso; i visceri s'insaccheranno nell'addome; la respirazione si farà difficile;
il cuore dovrà sospingere nelle arterie un liquido che per effetto della centrifugazione verso il basso assumerà una densità quintupla della normale.
tutto avverà come se il corpo del pilota venisse d’un tratto a trovarsi alla superficie di un pianeta, che diremo il pianeta X, ove la gravità fosse ‘cinque volte quella terrestre. Un tal pianeta non esiste nel sistema solare; perché su Giove, il più grosso, essa è appena due volte e mezza; ma la immagine è suggestiva ai fini della nostra esposizione.
Quali conseguenze anatomiche e funzionali l’organismo umano questo temporaneo gravame? Evidentemente’ non ne avrà se gli organi del volatore, appena cessata la manovra, saranno in grado di riprendere in piena immunità le loro funzioni; ed il tal caso quel pilota
10.)
Suppose it is five, that is, "five times what is felt in straight flight or on the surface of the earth, taken as a unit. This is a high one. 'value; of heavy aerobatics. In such endurance. the weight of the driver's body will become on average 360 kilos, of which 300 will weigh on the seat and the others on the 'controls.' His arms, stretched out on the steering wheel or on the driving lever, will weigh on the the pedal set will have to support an overload of around one hundred kilos in total. The brain will press almost seven kilos on the base of the skull; the eyes will sink into the socket, generating the phenomenon of seeing black and the eyelids will become heavy as if due to sudden sleep; the viscera will become encased in the abdomen; breathing will become difficult;
the heart will have to push a liquid into the arteries which, due to the downward centrifugation, will take on five times the normal density.
everything will happen as if the pilot's body suddenly found itself on the surface of a planet, which we will call planet X, where the gravity was five times that of Earth. Such a planet does not exist in the solar system; because on Jupiter, the largest, it is just two and a half times; but the image is suggestive for the purposes of our exposition.
What anatomical and functional consequences does this temporary burden have on the human organism? Evidently there will be none if the flier's organs, as soon as the maneuver has ceased, are able to resume their functions with full immunity
11.)
Dal 1951 in poi l’attività scientifica di Crocco, ormai vecchio, fu rivolta al volo nello spazio extra-atmosferico e all’astronautica. Già nel 1923, a dire il vero, aveva precorso i tempi con la Nota lincea « Sulla possibilità della navigazione extra-atmosferica », in cui proponeva di valersi della reazione provocata dall’efflusso dei prodotti della disintegrazione di materiale radioattivo. Si trattava, in sostanza, della propulsione ionica, ancor oggi non ancora realizzata praticamente. Nel 1927 aveva iniziato ricerche anche sperimentali sui propellenti solidi per i razzi, in collaborazione col figlio Luigi, e aveva poi ripreso tali ricerche fra il 1932 e il 1935. Segnalo altresì la Nota lincea del 1946 « Sulla applicazione dell'energia atomica alla navigazione interplanetaria ». Nel discorso inaugurale del primo corso di missilistica e astronautica, tenuto a Roma nel 1951, parlò dei missili geodetici, trattando dei propellenti e del calcolo delle traiettorie nell'ipotesi di terra piatta e in quella di terra
11.)
From 1951 onwards, Crocco's scientific activity, now old, was aimed at outer space flight and astronautics. Already in 1923, to tell the truth, he had been ahead of his time with the Nota lincea «On the possibility of extra-atmospheric navigation», in which he proposed making use of the reaction caused by the outflow of the products of the disintegration of radioactive material. It was, essentially, ion propulsion, which has not yet been practically achieved today. In 1927 he had begun experimental research on solid propellants for rockets, in collaboration with his son Luigi, and had then resumed such research between 1932 and 1935. I would also like to point out the Note line of 1946 « On the application of atomic energy to interplanetary navigation ». In the inaugural speech of the first rocketry and astronautics course, held in Rome in 1951, he spoke about geodetic missiles, dealing with propellants and the calculation of trajectories
12.) Pretty sure that's all the relevant pages for this one; the rest are either superfluous or establishing identity of those above, the Numbers are just To keep organized, not Page numbers.
Translated document 2
https://archive.org/details/ufo-crash-at-vergiate
1.)
Sullo stradale ira Novara e Magenta cinque operai che rincasavano in bicicletta durante un temporale sono stativi investiti dal fulmine e gettati violentemente a terra. Uno di casi è rimasto gravemente ferito.
1.)
On the road between Novara and Magenta five workers were returning home by bicycle during during a storm they were struck by lightning and violently thrown to the ground. One of the cases was seriously injured.
Soon to be translated document 3
https://archive.org/details/marconis-death-ray/mode/1up
This is going to require alot of help. My will To do this with a language I don't know is at an end for this moment.
The archives of the Newspapers reflected by Pinnoti may be fully available on the archive but without more expert translation Services I'm not totally sure. Let this be a baseline That the documents most likely exist. There are more things available to those to speak Italian I simply need someone to read it all; figure out which pictures are which and translate appropriately.
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2024.04.28 21:41 suedney Post Match Thread: Napoli 2-2 AS Roma Italian Serie A

FT: Napoli 2-2 AS Roma

Venue: Diego Armando Maradona
Auto-refreshing reddit comments link
LINE-UPS
Napoli
Alex Meret, Juan Jesus, Amir Rrahmani, Mathías Olivera, Giovanni Di Lorenzo, Stanislav Lobotka, Jens Cajuste (Hamed Traoré) (Leo Ostigard), André-Frank Zambo Anguissa, Victor Osimhen, Khvicha Kvaratskhelia (Giacomo Raspadori), Matteo Politano (Cyril Ngonge).
Subs: Natan , Nikita Contini, Jesper Lindstrom, Giovanni Simeone, Mário Rui , Pasquale Mazzocchi, Hubert Dawid Idasiak, Leander Dendoncker.
____________________________
AS Roma
Mile Svilar, Evan Ndicka, Gianluca Mancini, Leonardo Spinazzola, Rasmus Kristensen (Tommaso Baldanzi), Bryan Cristante, Lorenzo Pellegrini, Edoardo Bove (Renato Sanches), Sardar Azmoun (Tammy Abraham), Stephan El Shaarawy (Angeliño ), Paulo Dybala.
Subs: Rui Patrício, Pietro Boer, Nicola Zalewski, João Costa, Dean Huijsen, Riccardo Pagano, Zeki Celik, Houssem Aouar.
MATCH EVENTS via ESPN
59' Goal! Napoli 0, Roma 1. Paulo Dybala (Roma) converts the penalty with a left footed shot to the bottom left corner.
61' Substitution, Roma. Angeliño replaces Stephan El Shaarawy.
64' Goal! Napoli 1, Roma 1. Mathías Olivera (Napoli) left footed shot from the left side of the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Jens Cajuste.
69' Substitution, Roma. Renato Sanches replaces Edoardo Bove.
69' Substitution, Roma. Tammy Abraham replaces Sardar Azmoun.
69' Substitution, Napoli. Hamed Traorè replaces Jens Cajuste.
70' Substitution, Napoli. Cyril Ngonge replaces Matteo Politano.
75' Amir Rrahmani (Napoli) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
80' Frank Anguissa (Napoli) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
84' Goal! Napoli 2, Roma 1. Victor Osimhen (Napoli) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the bottom right corner.
86' Substitution, Roma. Tommaso Baldanzi replaces Rasmus Kristensen.
86' Substitution, Napoli. Giacomo Raspadori replaces Khvicha Kvaratskhelia.
88' Substitution, Napoli. Leo Østigård replaces Hamed Traorè because of an injury.
88' Goal! Napoli 2, Roma 2. Tammy Abraham (Roma) header from the right side of the six yard box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Evan Ndicka following a corner.Goal awarded following VAR Review.
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2024.04.28 18:07 MatchThreadder Match Thread: Napoli vs AS Roma Italian Serie A

90'+5': Napoli 2-2 AS Roma

Venue: Diego Armando Maradona
Auto-refreshing reddit comments link
LINE-UPS
Napoli
Alex Meret, Juan Jesus, Amir Rrahmani, Mathías Olivera, Giovanni Di Lorenzo, Stanislav Lobotka, Jens Cajuste (Hamed Traoré) (Leo Ostigard), André-Frank Zambo Anguissa, Victor Osimhen, Khvicha Kvaratskhelia (Giacomo Raspadori), Matteo Politano (Cyril Ngonge).
Subs: Natan , Nikita Contini, Jesper Lindstrom, Giovanni Simeone, Mário Rui , Pasquale Mazzocchi, Hubert Dawid Idasiak, Leander Dendoncker.
____________________________
AS Roma
Mile Svilar, Evan Ndicka, Gianluca Mancini, Leonardo Spinazzola, Rasmus Kristensen (Tommaso Baldanzi), Bryan Cristante, Lorenzo Pellegrini, Edoardo Bove (Renato Sanches), Sardar Azmoun (Tammy Abraham), Stephan El Shaarawy (Angeliño ), Paulo Dybala.
Subs: Rui Patrício, Pietro Boer, Nicola Zalewski, João Costa, Dean Huijsen, Riccardo Pagano, Zeki Celik, Houssem Aouar.
MATCH EVENTS via ESPN
59' Goal! Napoli 0, Roma 1. Paulo Dybala (Roma) converts the penalty with a left footed shot to the bottom left corner.
61' Substitution, Roma. Angeliño replaces Stephan El Shaarawy.
64' Goal! Napoli 1, Roma 1. Mathías Olivera (Napoli) left footed shot from the left side of the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Jens Cajuste.
69' Substitution, Roma. Renato Sanches replaces Edoardo Bove.
69' Substitution, Roma. Tammy Abraham replaces Sardar Azmoun.
69' Substitution, Napoli. Hamed Traorè replaces Jens Cajuste.
70' Substitution, Napoli. Cyril Ngonge replaces Matteo Politano.
75' Amir Rrahmani (Napoli) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
80' Frank Anguissa (Napoli) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
84' Goal! Napoli 2, Roma 1. Victor Osimhen (Napoli) converts the penalty with a right footed shot to the bottom right corner.
86' Substitution, Roma. Tommaso Baldanzi replaces Rasmus Kristensen.
86' Substitution, Napoli. Giacomo Raspadori replaces Khvicha Kvaratskhelia.
88' Substitution, Napoli. Leo Østigård replaces Hamed Traorè because of an injury.
88' Goal! Napoli 2, Roma 2. Tammy Abraham (Roma) header from the right side of the six yard box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Evan Ndicka following a corner.Goal awarded following VAR Review.
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2024.04.22 08:16 AutoMughal 1983 Ferrari Mondial Review

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2024.04.22 07:48 Pred1949 Mica Tan companies, 30 officers face criminal raps

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has filed a criminal complaint before the Department of Justice (DOJ) against CEO Maria Francesca Tan and her companies over allegedly illegal investment schemes.
The corporate watchdog on Sunday said the complaint had been lodged against MFT Group of Companies Inc., Foundry Ventures I Inc., and at least 30 other officers for violating Republic Act No. 8799, or the Securities Regulation Code (SRC).
The filing of the criminal case stemmed from complaints submitted by several investors who participated in the investment scheme of the MFT Group, which later transitioned to Foundry Ventures,” the SEC said in a statement.
To recall, the corporate watchdog ordered Tan’s companies to stop selling investment contracts after receiving complaints that they had been falling behind on their payments for years.
The SEC made the cease and desist order permanent on April 1
MFT Group had vowed to cooperate with the commission, claiming that they had a “strong track record of compliance” with securities regulations.
Tan previously gained recognition for expanding to the food business via Saladstop! and Mimi & Bros restaurant, as well as health care through Mondial Kidney Care Center.
According to the SEC, the MFT Group reportedly promised investors guaranteed returns ranging from 12 percent to 18 percent of the amount they invested.
The scheme was reportedly done through the issuance of postdated checks reflecting a 1-percent to 1.5-percent monthly interest to investors, who were given either a promissory note or borrower-lender agreement as proof of their investment.
The SEC pointed out, however, that the involved securities were not registered with the commission and were therefore unauthorized.
Under the SRC, securities may not be sold or offered for sale or distribution in the Philippines without a registration statement filed with and approved by the SEC.
Violators may face a maximum penalty of P5 million or imprisonment of 21 years, or both.
The regulator also found MFT Group and its officers and directors liable for 17 counts of misrepresentation in its 2018 to 2021 audited financial statements (AFS) “by reflecting dividend income which has no basis.”
The SEC likewise explained that the amount received by MFT Group from investors should have been recognized in its books of accounts either as part of the company’s liabilities or share capital.
But based on the SEC’s review, “no such amount reflected in the AFS of the subject company would correspond to the monies invested by investors to either equity or liabilities of the company.”
“The investing public, including and especially MFT’s investors, relied on these [financial statements] in making investment decisions,” the SEC said in its complaint.
Mica Tan companies, 30 officers face criminal raps By: Meg J. Adonis - 37 seconds ago
Mica Tan companies, 30 officers face criminal raps INQUIRER.net FILE PHOTO
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has filed a criminal complaint before the Department of Justice (DOJ) against CEO Maria Francesca Tan and her companies over allegedly illegal investment schemes.
The corporate watchdog on Sunday said the complaint had been lodged against MFT Group of Companies Inc., Foundry Ventures I Inc., and at least 30 other officers for violating Republic Act No. 8799, or the Securities Regulation Code (SRC).
“The filing of the criminal case stemmed from complaints submitted by several investors who participated in the investment scheme of the MFT Group, which later transitioned to Foundry Ventures,” the SEC said in a statement.
To recall, the corporate watchdog ordered Tan’s companies to stop selling investment contracts after receiving complaints that they had been falling behind on their payments for years.
The SEC made the cease and desist order permanent on April 1.
MFT Group had vowed to cooperate with the commission, claiming that they had a “strong track record of compliance” with securities regulations.
Tan previously gained recognition for expanding to the food business via Saladstop! and Mimi & Bros restaurant, as well as health care through Mondial Kidney Care Center.
According to the SEC, the MFT Group reportedly promised investors guaranteed returns ranging from 12 percent to 18 percent of the amount they invested.
The scheme was reportedly done through the issuance of postdated checks reflecting a 1-percent to 1.5-percent monthly interest to investors, who were given either a promissory note or borrower-lender agreement as proof of their investment.
The SEC pointed out, however, that the involved securities were not registered with the commission and were therefore unauthorized.
Under the SRC, securities may not be sold or offered for sale or distribution in the Philippines without a registration statement filed with and approved by the SEC.
Violators may face a maximum penalty of P5 million or imprisonment of 21 years, or both.
The regulator also found MFT Group and its officers and directors liable for 17 counts of misrepresentation in its 2018 to 2021 audited financial statements (AFS) “by reflecting dividend income which has no basis.”
The SEC likewise explained that the amount received by MFT Group from investors should have been recognized in its books of accounts either as part of the company’s liabilities or share capital.
But based on the SEC’s review, “no such amount reflected in the AFS of the subject company would correspond to the monies invested by investors to either equity or liabilities of the company.”
“The investing public, including and especially MFT’s investors, relied on these [financial statements] in making investment decisions,” the SEC said in its complaint.
“Stated otherwise, the information/entries in the AFS of the MFT Group were essential in convincing investors to part with their hard-earned money, and entrust the same to the MFT Group” especially since independent auditor Isla Lipana & Co. vouched for the company’s financial health, the commission added.
Isla Lipana was also implicated in the complaint.
The Inquirer reached out to the MFT Group for comment but it has yet to respond. INQ
https://business.inquirer.net/455665/mica-tan-companies-30-officers-face-criminal-raps
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2024.04.17 20:06 Nounoon In depth review

In depth review submitted by Nounoon to FerrariMondial [link] [comments]


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2024.04.11 17:49 missed77 My overpowered diy road ebike is amazing, btw? [may be triggering]

[pics added in comments below]
Just a little psa since, had I based my decisions off all the naysayers in this sub, I never would've ended up with perhaps the coolest thing I own. Basically all the reasons not to do it ended up being reasons to love it, and after pounding some miles, I'm here to report that diy road ebikes are the answer to lots of peoples' woes here.
*2019 Tommaso Monza with Shimano 105 and Ultegra components, Syncros saddle/post: $200 [yes, I was lucky and got it for a song]
*Bafang BBS02 and EKD01 display (highly recommended, best display I've tried thus far): $340
*28.8AH, 48v triangle pack w/ 45A bms: $400 (note below)
*insane 6000 lumen wide beam (Newboler brand on Ali - get it. It is God-tier. Full 180 illumination with like four times the throw distance of a car headlight) and a SeeMe 300 brake light (also stunningly bright, and uses an extra down-facing diode to give a full 360 pool of light around the whole bike...worth $50 all day): $85
SO - for $1k all in, I have a bike that weighs 45 pounds with exceptionally low unsprung mass that I can lift comfortably with one hand, shifts like a pro, cuts through the air like an aerodynamic knife through butter, and sips only tiny drops of power to get to speed.
With a 28.8AH pack, and based on my current ride data, I'm looking at a 150-200 mile range flying around on solid pedal assist. On stock 25A motor settings - much more range headroom if I want it, but I love torque. It is so stunningly efficient, I couldn't be more impressed.
Naysayers said drop bars would never work, not enough space to mount everything...the curves of drops and the position of trigger shifters/flightdeck wouldn't allow for good throttle mounting/position...weeelllll, turns out there's plenty of space for all my hud gear, and HandleBobs by GrinTech make for a perfect throttle position.
It's the only ebike I've used where you have full access to brakes, shifters, and throttle without even the slightest shift of your hand position while riding. Feels like a fighter jet or something, everything is so ergonomic and accessible for twitch reflexes. Fully locked in.
I'm sure the lower riding position of a drop bar racing bike isn't for everyone, but I've always preferred road bikes, so it is what it is. A major benefit is, between the low center of gravity and super low unsprung weight, this thing is BALANCED. Extremely nimble yet none of the top-heavy teetering of my previous ebike.
Here's a contentious bit that will piss off some folks here: my braking with rim brakes is fantastic, even from 31mph. Sure, I'd have a few feet shorter stopping distance with quality discs/big rotors, but my braking is better than the discs on my previous ebike. And that's with Specialized Roubaix Pro semi-slicks, ffs. Cheap disc brakes on affordable ebikes often suck, not to mention the noise. Unless you shelled out for quality discs, the difference is pretty negligible (except for inclimate weather, and I never ride in rain).
Yes, my insane range will drop a little when I move from the Roubaix Pros to GravelKing SK 26C or something soon, but whoever says you need fat knobbies to have safe grip and traction is just mistaken. Not a single sketchy performance moment yet.
And finally (here comes the hate train lmao), I am using a UnitPackPower 28.8AH triangle. Yes, I know about the recall, but from all evidence I've found, the (four) fires that happened in the UK were from the absolute plague of counterfeit UPP packs sold on Amazon, ebay, and Ali. You've probably seen how many fake 'official UPP pack' scam listings there are. After talking with UPP (bought from them verified), who said the same, my best friend and I opened the pack and shrink to examine the welds. She did professional mig, tig, and spot welding for more than ten years, so if anyone would know, it's her, and she confirmed that our verified UPP triangle packs have high-quality, line-automated welds as one would hope to find. She was impressed.
I think Louis Rossman's finger-pointing at UPP for his own dumbass battery-splitting choices was embarrassing, and makes sense given his personality and career that he would be unable to place blame on himself for anything electrical-related. Just my two cents, especially given what we found on close expert inspection.
I think an overarching point of this long-winded review is to not believe everything you read at face value. If I'd listened to the neggy nancies here, I wouldn't have thought this ebike would be anything but a brakeless, fragile, unergonomic death trap. Turns out, it's a dream. I couldn't be happier with the ridefeel, performance, usability, etc.
So if this convinces a few of you to go your own way, so long as you don't care to do trail riding (I do not.), then I'm happy. Lots of people are buying/recommending some shockingly overpriced, overbuilt stuff here and seem to have a bad case of the sunk-cost fallacies. Just make the thing you really want, whatever that is - it'll be okay 💛
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2024.04.07 00:30 ShlomoShogun WWE Wrestlemania XL (2024) Night One Reaction and Jim's Review Discussion Thread

From Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia, PA
The event starts at 1600 EST and will be streamed via the (Pea)Cock
Matchcard:
Match Winner Notes
Rhea Ripley (C) v Becky Lynch Women's World Championship
Gunther (C) v Sami Zayn Intercontinental Championship
Jey Uso v Jimmy Uso
Finn Balor and Damian Priest the Judgement Day (C) v Johnny Gargano and Tommaso Ciampa of DIY v The Miz and R-Truth of the Awesome Truth v Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods of the New Day v Austin Theory and Grayson Waller of A-Town Down Under v Pete Dunne and Tyler Bate of the New Catch Republic Six pack Tag team ladder match for Men's Undisputed Tag team Championship
Bianca Belair, Jade Cargill, Naomi v Asuka, Kairi Sane, Dakota Kai of Damage CTRL Six-woman Tag match
Rey Mysterio and Andrade (sub for Dragon Lee) of the LWO v Santos Escobar and Dominik Mysterio
The Rock and Roman Reigns of the Bloodline v Cody Rhodes and Seth Rollins
Tune in and discuss here,
If any of you listen to Jim’s Pods on drop, feel free to leave Jim and Brian’s review in the comments, otherwise I’ll get to it in about a week, and if Jim does not speak on it, I’ll delete this post instead.
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2024.04.06 10:03 Gumgi24 Critique de livres : Le manuel du maître du jeu pour un jeu de rôle proactif

Bonjour les rôlistes,
Voici la traduction d'une critique par un redditeur anglophone sur autre subreddit pour les MJ, d'un livre qui parle d'un style de jeu appelé le "jeu de rôle proactif". Voici le post original en anglais, et voici le livre. Il y aura peut-être des erreurs de traductions, je m'en excuse, j'ai utilisé DeepL pour la traduction. Malheureusement le livre n'a pas de traduction française à ma connaissance.
Je mettrai les numéros de page entre parenthèses tout au long du texte.
Introduction et définition des termes
Les auteurs définissent ainsi leurs termes : une aventure réactive est une aventure dans laquelle "les méchants font quelque chose et les gentils font quelque chose pour les arrêter" (9). (9) Une aventure proactive est une aventure dans laquelle les joueurs "réfléchissent à ce que veulent leurs personnages, élaborent des stratégies pour y parvenir et franchissent allègrement tous les obstacles que le maître de jeu met sur leur chemin". (13)
Les jeux réactifs, affirment-ils, souffrent d'une série de problèmes :

  1. Le travail de préparation et de planification du jeu incombe presque entièrement au MJ ;
  2. Il encourage la passivité des joueurs, c'est-à-dire qu'ils "supposent que l'histoire viendra à eux" (11) ;
  3. Les jeux ont tendance à tomber dans une ornière créative, en ce sens que chaque campagne consiste à arrêter une menace mondiale ;
  4. Il diminue l'autonomie des joueurs, dans la mesure où la majeure partie de leur carrière est consacrée à choisir entre "les options que le maître de jeu leur donne pendant la campagne, limitées par les étapes de l'histoire 'empêchez le grand méchant de réaliser son plan diabolique'". (12)
Selon eux, un jeu proactif remédie à ces défauts en transférant une partie du fardeau créatif aux joueurs, en faisant d'eux des participants beaucoup plus actifs à l'histoire et en s'adaptant plus facilement à différents types d'histoires. Le jeu proactif "a changé la culture de notre jeu, passant d'une situation où nous racontions les histoires et où les joueurs observaient à une situation où nous explorions et découvrions tous ensemble l'histoire de notre jeu". (16)
Le reste du livre est une discussion sur la façon d'y parvenir dans le jeu.
Chapitre 1 : Objectifs des joueurs
Les objectifs des joueurs sont "la base sur laquelle le reste d'un jeu fantastique proactif est construit"(23) :

  1. Ce sont les joueurs qui doivent inventer les objectifs, pas le MJ. (23)
  2. Chaque PC a besoin de plusieurs objectifs. (25) Ils en recommandent trois à la fois.
  3. Les objectifs doivent être assortis de délais différents (court, moyen et long terme). (27)
  4. Chaque objectif doit être réalisable (voir ci-dessous).
  5. Les objectifs doivent avoir des conséquences en cas d'échec. (28)
  6. Les objectifs doivent être amusants à poursuivre. (30)
Par "réalisable", les auteurs entendent que "les objectifs doivent être formulés de manière à ce que nous sachions quand nous les avons atteints". (27) Par exemple, "Je veux être plus puissant" est un mauvais objectif car "plus puissant" est trop vague. Un meilleur objectif pourrait être "Je veux gagner le tournoi d'arts martiaux à Songul l'année prochaine". (28) L'objectif a une fin précise, et le MJ peut facilement imaginer une série de rencontres menant à son accomplissement.
Les conséquences d'un échec sont souvent évidentes, mais les auteurs suggèrent de les personnaliser dans la mesure du possible. Par exemple, "Je veux gagner le tournoi d'arts martiaux à Songul l'année prochaine pour que Su-Li m'épouse" comporte une conséquence intégrée en cas d'échec, ainsi qu'une récompense en cas de succès. Les auteurs suggèrent de "s'assurer que les conséquences d'un échec sont claires" (29) afin que les joueurs et les PJ comprennent ce qui est en jeu.
Ils mettent en garde contre les objectifs reproductibles : "Si vous pouvez échouer dans la réalisation d'un objectif pour ensuite le réessayer, alors l'échec n'a pas de sens." (29)
Le dernier point, à savoir que les objectifs doivent être amusants, est subjectif. En règle générale, "si vous pouvez penser à quelques obstacles de niveau approprié à mettre sur la route des participants pendant qu'ils poursuivent l'objectif", il y a de fortes chances que cela fonctionne. Les objectifs trop difficiles ou trop faciles devront probablement être modifiés ou repensés. (30)
Les auteurs suggèrent qu'il peut être intéressant de concevoir les PC à l'envers : "en commençant par définir des objectifs amusants pour le personnage, puis en concevant un personnage en fonction de ces objectifs". (37)
Enfin, les joueurs doivent inventer de nouveaux objectifs au fur et à mesure qu'ils remplissent les anciens.
Chapitre 2 : Les factions
Les auteurs définissent une faction comme "un groupe de personnes organisées autour d'intérêts communs". (50) En construire une consiste à inventer les choses suivantes :

Les objectifs sont particulièrement importants. Ils écrivent :
Selon la philosophie de la fantasy proactive, les joueurs doivent guider l'action. Par conséquent, ce sont les joueurs qui doivent agir en premier et déclencher les événements de votre aventure ou de votre campagne. Mais une fois que la balle est lancée, les factions que vous créez doivent envahir l'espace créé par les joueurs et poursuivre leurs propres objectifs sans relâche, aux dépens des joueurs et des autres factions. C'est pourquoi il est utile de considérer les factions, et non les PNJ individuels, comme les contreparties du groupe contrôlées par le MJ. (49-50)
À cette fin, "assurez-vous que vos factions ont des objectifs qui se rapportent aux mêmes personnes, lieux et événements que les objectifs de vos PJ". (53) Cela permet de s'assurer que les joueurs finiront par interagir avec les factions.
Après une discussion approfondie sur les différents types de factions (gouvernements, syndicats, organisations criminelles, religions, pages 53-72), ils proposent une discussion utile sur le suivi des factions. (73) Ils recommandent notamment d'emprunter le mécanisme de l'"horloge" du TTRPG Blades in the Dark pour suivre la progression d'une faction vers ses objectifs.
Pour ceux qui ne connaissent pas, une "horloge" est un cercle divisé en segments. Chaque fois que la faction progresse vers un objectif, elle remplit un segment. Lorsque le cercle est plein, l'objectif est atteint. La difficulté de l'objectif peut être reflétée en changeant le nombre de segments : les horloges à un, deux, quatre et huit segments sont les plus courantes, allant d'extrêmement facile à très difficile.
Chapitre 3 : Personnages non joueurs
Ils divisent les CPN en trois grandes catégories (76) :

Les alliés fournissent une assistance au groupe à petite échelle. Ils "travaillent avec les personnages comme des partenaires bénéfiques" (77), principalement parce que leurs objectifs sont alignés. Si cela cesse d'être vrai, "un allié peut quitter le groupe pour aller faire ses propres affaires." (77) Dans le cas où un allié se retrouve à combattre aux côtés du groupe, les auteurs suggèrent de restreindre fortement leurs options de combat pour éviter que le combattant supplémentaire ne ralentisse trop les choses. Par exemple, ils donnent l'exemple de Balurium, un barde qui "avait un score d'Initiative fixe et ne pouvait faire que deux choses : attaquer ou donner de l'Inspiration Bardique quelques fois par jour." (84) Cela le rendait très rapide. (84) Cela lui permettait de courir très vite au combat.
Beaucoup de choses ont été écrites sur les méchants des TTRPG, et la plupart d'entre elles concernent la définition de leurs objectifs. Les auteurs suggèrent une approche spécifique pour envisager les objectifs d'un méchant dans un jeu proactif : "les méchants forment et poursuivent des objectifs en réponse aux objectifs que les joueurs ont conçus". (86, c'est nous qui soulignons) En plus de les rendre méchants et puissants, ces PNJ doivent être :
Axé sur les objectifs. C'est l'aspect le plus important du méchant du point de vue du joueur proactif. Vous devez concevoir les objectifs du méchant en pensant aux joueurs. Ces objectifs spécifiques et concrets doivent recouper ceux des héros d'une manière ou d'une autre, sinon votre méchant ne les intéressera jamais. Les objectifs spécifiques de vos méchants sont des moyens tangibles pour vos héros de se battre contre eux. (88)
Les objectifs à long terme du méchant doivent être définis, représenter une menace importante et sérieuse, mais peuvent se permettre d'être un peu plus vagues que la plupart des objectifs "au moins jusqu'à plus tard dans le jeu". (88) Cela permet une certaine flexibilité au fur et à mesure que la campagne progresse. Leurs objectifs à moyen terme concernent des domaines plus spécifiques et sont généralement entrepris par des sous-fifres. Leurs objectifs à court terme doivent être des choses qui génèrent des rencontres spécifiques. Par exemple, un objectif à court terme consistant à "raser la ville" peut donner lieu à trois ou quatre rencontres au cours desquelles les PJ défendent la ville.
Ils suggèrent que la clé du succès des méchants est de s'assurer que les objectifs du méchant et ceux des PJ sont en conflit. Des objectifs directement opposés garantissent un conflit majeur. Par exemple, l'objectif d'un méchant "Je veux récolter la magie de l'âme de l'archidruide Rubinia" serait en conflit direct avec l'objectif d'un PJ "Je veux persuader l'archidruide Rubinia de me prendre comme apprenti". Si le méchant réussit à assassiner Rubinia, elle ne sera plus là pour enseigner au PJ.
Cela dit, "si les joueurs poursuivent constamment les mêmes objectifs que le méchant, cela peut rapidement devenir une corvée frustrante". (94) Les auteurs suggèrent de formuler des objectifs méchants qui se chevauchent simplement, c'est-à-dire que l'objectif du méchant pose de sérieux défis au PC, mais qu'ils ne veulent pas exactement la même chose.
Enfin, les mécènes se distinguent par deux caractéristiques principales : ils ont plus d'autorité ou de statut social que la partie, et ils peuvent donner à la partie l'accès à des ressources. (95) En termes d'objectifs, le mécène peut ne pas être directement intéressé par les objectifs des PJ, mais il les considère comme un atout utile. Il s'agit d'une relation transactionnelle : le mécène offre son aide pour atteindre les objectifs des PJ, en échange de l'aide des PJ pour faire avancer les objectifs du mécène.
Pour définir un mécène, il faut donc connaître à la fois ses objectifs et les ressources dont il dispose. Les mécènes sont généralement les représentants d'une faction. Les objectifs du mécène s'alignent donc sur ceux de sa faction, et il peut utiliser les ressources de la faction ainsi que les siennes.
Chapitre 4 : Lieux d'implantation
Contrairement aux PC, aux factions ou aux PNJ, les lieux n'ont pas d'objectifs. Mais en accord avec le thème du livre, les auteurs suggèrent de construire les lieux en fonction des objectifs des joueurs. Certains objectifs des joueurs peuvent désigner un lieu spécifique que le MJ doit alors concevoir (comme Songul, d'après l'objectif ci-dessus). D'autres peuvent impliquer un certain lieu ou type de lieu.
L'objectif est "d'aider vos joueurs à s'attacher émotionnellement aux lieux du jeu et de leur donner à la fois des motivations pour poursuivre leurs objectifs et des lieux autour desquels créer des objectifs". (108) Pour ce faire, ils suggèrent de travailler à rebours à partir des objectifs des joueurs pour "déterminer quelle sera la conclusion satisfaisante de leurs efforts et concevoir un parcours de donjon, un siège de château ou une défense de tour autour de cette idée." (109)
Le reste du chapitre traite des différents types de lieux courants (bases de joueurs, villes et colonies, régions sauvages, donjons et repaires) et de la manière dont ils peuvent s'intégrer dans un jeu proactif.
Chapitre 5 : Conflit
Une grande partie de la discussion précédente se concentre ici : le but de la création de tous ces objectifs (pour les PJ, les factions, les alliés, les méchants et les mécènes) est de mettre en place un conflit entre le groupe et d'autres éléments du monde. Les auteurs notent que la plupart des parties s'attendent à des combats, mais aussi que tous les conflits ne tournent pas nécessairement autour du combat.
Ils suggèrent que "trois choses doivent être gardées à l'esprit lors de la conception des conflits : les motivations des personnages-joueurs, les motivations des forces qui s'opposent à eux et ce que signifie gagner le conflit". (142) Si vous parvenez à intégrer tous ces éléments, alors chaque conflit donnera l'impression "d'être une guerre qui vaut la peine d'être menée". (142)
Lorsqu'il conçoit des objectifs opposés à ceux du groupe, le MJ peut ajuster le niveau de conflit en modifiant les objectifs. Les conflits à somme nulle ont tendance à déboucher sur des combats. Par exemple, l'objectif d'un PC "Obtenir le tableau 'Les larmes d'Arsinoë'" serait un conflit à somme nulle avec l'objectif d'un méchant "Détruire les 'larmes d'Arsinoë'". Si un personnage réussit, l'autre échoue. Dans ces conditions, la violence est susceptible d'éclater.
Les rencontres sociales sont plus nombreuses lorsque les objectifs ne sont pas totalement opposés. Par exemple, si le but du méchant est de "Forger une copie des Larmes d'Arsinoë pour la vendre au marché noir", le PJ a plus de latitude pour aborder le conflit d'une manière sociale. Un arrangement pourrait peut-être être trouvé pour que les deux personnages obtiennent ce qu'ils veulent.
Le reste du chapitre est consacré à l'examen des différentes formes de conflit : les combats, les combats orientés, les rencontres hors combat et les rencontres hors combat orientées.
Chapitre 6 : Récompenses
En déclarant un objectif, les joueurs vous indiquent essentiellement la récompense qu'ils souhaitent obtenir. Les auteurs approfondissent ce point :
Dans nos jeux proactifs, nous envisageons les récompenses de deux manières différentes : la fonction et la forme. La fonction d'une récompense est l'effet qu'elle a sur le gameplay : elle peut signaler l'achèvement d'un objectif, introduire un nouvel objectif ou un nouvel élément de l'histoire, ou simplement être une belle trouvaille sans rapport avec l'histoire. La forme d'une récompense est le type de butin : un objet magique, des informations utiles, des biens immobiliers, de l'argent liquide, etc.
Certains objectifs sont assortis de récompenses intégrées ; si votre objectif était de trouver une épée magique, et que vous trouvez une épée magique, la récompense est l'épée magique. Ils poursuivent en évoquant le concept d'ajouter un "+1" à une telle récompense, c'est-à-dire un lien entre la récompense et l'histoire en cours. Peut-être que cette épée magique est accompagnée d'une inscription qui éclaire un objectif apparemment sans rapport. Ou peut-être que le fait de posséder cette épée particulière confère le droit à un titre de noblesse.
Quoi qu'il en soit, l'idée est de donner plus d'impact à vos récompenses en les faisant interagir avec les autres éléments de l'histoire.
Chapitre 7 : Rencontres
Si vous m'avez suivi jusqu'ici, vous l'avez sans doute deviné : oui, la conception proactive des rencontres est une question d'objectifs. Ils présentent un processus en sept étapes :

  1. Passez en revue les objectifs des joueurs - sur quoi travaillent-ils en ce moment ?
  2. Déterminez quelles factions ont des objectifs qui recoupent ceux de vos joueurs.
  3. Choisissez quelques objectifs de PNJ qui s'opposent à ceux de vos joueurs.
  4. Choisissez le lieu de la rencontre.
  5. Déterminer quel type de conflit est susceptible de se produire et comment l'autre partie se battra.
  6. Déterminer les récompenses pour l'accomplissement de la rencontre.
  7. Préparez votre matériel et les aides nécessaires aux joueurs, c'est-à-dire les cartes, les figurines, les blocs de statistiques, etc.
Ils poursuivent en disant
N'oubliez pas que la rencontre, et non l'aventure, est l'unité fondamentale du jeu. Enchaînez suffisamment de rencontres et une aventure avec un arc très clair émergera du conflit et des actions que les joueurs entreprendront pour le résoudre.
Les MJ sont souvent conseillés - ou découvrent eux-mêmes - qu'il est parfois préférable d'adopter une idée émise par un joueur plutôt que de s'en tenir à ce qu'ils avaient prévu à l'origine. Les auteurs poussent cette idée jusqu'à sa conclusion logique, en conseillant de "solliciter l'aide de votre joueur dans la conception du contenu" (186) en discutant avec lui de ce qu'il essaie de faire. Ils recommandent en particulier de poser la question suivante : "À quoi cela ressemblerait-il si vous atteigniez votre objectif ?" (186, légèrement paraphrasé) pour susciter des idées de rencontres, de complications et de récompenses.
Le reste du chapitre consiste à aider les joueurs à développer les personnages de leurs PJ, à discuter de quelques techniques d'improvisation de base ("oui, et", "oui, mais"), à échouer, et à donner des conseils généraux sur la préparation du MJ et la prise de notes.
Chapitre 8 : Le pillage de Pine Hollow
Le dernier chapitre du livre est une aventure proactive. Le format ne ressemble guère aux aventures publiées que vous connaissez peut-être. La majeure partie de l'aventure (pages 197-223) tourne autour de.. :

  1. définir le cadre (Pine Hollow) ;
  2. les factions en présence et leurs objectifs ;
  3. créer des PJ avec des objectifs ;
  4. la création de PNJ associés aux factions et poursuivant leurs propres objectifs ;
  5. la création de lieux ;
  6. la planification des conflits ;
  7. créer des récompenses.
En bref, ils vous accompagnent tout au long du processus détaillé dans le livre, et ce n'est qu'ensuite qu'ils ajoutent quatre pages d'idées de rencontres telles que vous pourriez les voir dans une aventure plus traditionnelle. (224-227) Enfin, ils abordent le déroulement de l'aventure. Du moins, dans la mesure où ils le peuvent, puisque chaque table qui pillera Pine Hollow divergera immédiatement de toutes les autres en fonction de la façon dont elle choisira de s'y prendre. C'est la nature même de l'approche proactive, après tout.
Réflexions finales
J'ai essayé de résumer leur approche sans faire trop d'éditorialisation. Mais j'ai maintenant des idées.
Tout d'abord, l'approche générale semble solide. Elle accorde une grande liberté d'action aux joueurs, ce qui est probablement très utile pour les inciter à s'investir.
Deuxièmement, cette approche fonctionne plus facilement avec des aventures maison, comme le soulignent les auteurs eux-mêmes au moins deux fois. Il y a un encadré (à la page 231) qui discute de la gestion des aventures publiées de manière proactive, mais cela me semble plus difficile. Faire avancer le groupe de concert avec la série d'événements publiés quand les intérêts du groupe mènent la narration serait un défi. Ce serait beaucoup plus facile avec du homebrew, et je pense qu'un jeu proactif irait de pair avec un jeu de construction de monde collaboratif comme Microscope ou Dawn of Worlds.
Troisièmement, je pense que tous les joueurs ne seront pas aussi enchantés par un jeu proactif. J'ai connu de nombreux joueurs qui n'étaient fondamentalement pas intéressés par l'exploration du caractère de leur personnage. Ils appréciaient le jeu, mais résistaient à l'idée d'inventer une histoire. Ils jouaient principalement pour le plaisir de lancer des dés et de combattre des monstres. Ce qui est tout à fait normal. Mais il serait difficile d'amener ce genre de joueur à concrétiser les désirs de son personnage sous la forme d'une série d'objectifs clairement articulés, alors que son personnage n'est guère plus qu'une collection de chiffres.
Quatrièmement, cette approche semble taillée sur mesure pour les joueurs qui investissent beaucoup de temps et de réflexion dans leurs personnages. Si un joueur vous a déjà remis une histoire de douze pages commençant à la génération de ses parents, il n'aura aucun mal à se fixer un certain nombre d'objectifs et à les poursuivre avec ardeur.
Cinquièmement, l'idée que les factions sont "les contreparties de la partie contrôlées par le MJ" me semble tout à fait bizarre. Je suis MJ depuis 2010, et je n'ai presque jamais rien fait de particulier avec les factions. En tout cas, pas de la manière dont ils semblent l'entendre. J'ai eu la nette impression en lisant qu'ils considèrent la faction comme le personnage, et que les PNJ associés à une faction n'existent que pour mettre en œuvre ses objectifs dans le monde. Cela renverse le scénario de tous les PNJ importants que j'ai jamais dirigés : s'ils ont une faction, la faction existe pour soutenir leurs objectifs, et non l'inverse.
Il s'agit peut-être simplement d'une différence d'approche dans la construction du monde. Ou, peut-être, une différence dans la gestion du jeu. Les auteurs écrivent : "Il est trop compliqué de suivre les objectifs et les attitudes de chaque PNJ dans le jeu. Vous devriez plutôt vous concentrer sur le suivi des objectifs des factions auxquelles appartiennent vos PNJ, à l'exception de certains PNJ importants." (76) Si l'accent mis sur les factions est conçu pour gérer le véritable _déluge d'_objectifs à suivre, alors cela devient plus compréhensible. Car s'il y a bien une chose que l'approche proactive ne manque pas, ce sont les objectifs. J'ai utilisé le mot "objectif" 99 fois dans cette critique, et il est apparu beaucoup plus souvent dans le livre lui-même.
Enfin, je pense qu'il est possible d'introduire des éléments proactifs dans un scénario réactif plus traditionnel. Si vous avez des joueurs qui sont habitués au modèle réactif, il peut être intéressant de leur demander d'introduire progressivement la proactivité plutôt que de sauter directement à un modèle proactif complet où rien ne se passe jusqu'à ce qu'ils commencent à faire des choses. Mais cela dépend beaucoup du groupe en question. C'est vous qui connaissez le mieux vos joueurs ; faites ce qui est le plus judicieux pour eux.
Dans l'ensemble, je suis heureux d'avoir lu ce livre. Il contient un grand nombre d'idées utiles, et je ne manquerai pas de les expérimenter dans mes propres jeux.
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2024.03.23 00:33 geopolicraticus Wars and Rumors of Wars II

Wars and Rumors of Wars II

Part II

Wars and Rumors of Wars
Part of a Series on the Philosophy of History
https://preview.redd.it/nd73xreg0zpc1.png?width=1920&format=png&auto=webp&s=7478a988af789ec60698c73ebed804c126f89f39
Continued from Part I

The historical context of the eruption of the First World War—specifically, that it was a major war that occurred after a long peace, and expected to be a brief diversion, after which events would rapidly return to normal—suggests a possible partial explanation for August Madness and the many intellectuals who rushed to demonstrate their enthusiasm for the conflict. Peter Turchin in his End Times: Elites, Counter-Elites, and the Path of Political Disintegration explains violence in cyclical and generational terms, in which conflicts, “…would simply be replayed again when a new generation, not immunized against violence, took over.” It is the personal experience of violence that immunizes a society against conflict escalation one person at a time, and, if this experience is absent, the escalation can be unchecked:
“…high levels of violence accelerate the transition of most radicals into moderates. The radicalization curve falls as precipitously… because radicals are the ones who drive violence, instability also declines. The social system regains its stability. But in this inertial scenario, the root cause of instability—the wealth pump—continues to operate. Gradually, elite numbers begin increasing. Meanwhile, the moderates who suppressed the… peak of violence are slowly retiring and dying off. The uneasy peace holds for the next generation (twenty-five to thirty years), but then there is a repeat… fifty years later.”
Is this a sufficient explanation? How much violence is enough to immunize a society against escalation? The same individual whose comment prompted this episode expressed the view that things are different now, and interestingly, different for technological reasons—just as war itself is different for technological reasons. He wrote:
“[Turchin] might be right about the past. But nowadays, with tv, radio, etc. I think that people are well aware of what war means. Let’s hope they are in Brussels, Washington and Moscow too.”
I disagree with this. There are some individuals who might find a graphic record of the horrors of war off-putting, and it may be enough to immunize them against violence, but there will be others who are attracted and fascinated by the violence. Partly this would be because of the unfamiliarity of violence, after a generational gap, which makes it mysterious and interesting, but partly it is because of a human, all-too-human attraction to violence, whether familiar or unfamiliar. It is uncomfortable to talk about this because it appears unflattering to human beings, but there is nothing new about it. Freud faced it head-on:
“…men are not gentle, friendly creatures wishing for love, who simply defend themselves if they are attacked, but… a powerful measure of desire for aggression has to be reckoned as part of their instinctual endowment.”
Freud had lived through First World War and he saw the Second World War approaching, as indeed many saw what was coming. When the Treaty of Versailles was being signed, French General Ferdinand Foch, who wanted a permanent occupation of the Rhineland, said, “This is not peace. It is an armistice for 20 years.” He was right, but he didn’t live to see the continuation he predicted.
The First and Second World Wars taken together resemble the Thirty Years War in their brutality and unresolved war aims (there are also parallels with the Peloponnesian War), and the twentieth century taken whole resembles the Hundred Years’ War if we look at it from the origins of the First World War through the end of the Cold War—again, the escalation of brutality and unresolved war aims driving incessant conflict. But when war aims are “humanity” and “civilization” it is difficult to determine when they have been achieved. As far as my knowledge goes, there are no quantifiable metrics for having successfully defended humanity or civilization.
The mid-twentieth century in particular was a convulsion of violence of apocalyptic proportions. The sky was filled with airplanes, the sea was filled with ships above and submarines below, great cities were destroyed in a single night, entire populations were displaced, and millions upon millions were killed. This proved to be a robust immunization to violence. Because of the scope of the carnage, a consensus emerged among the survivors that civilization might not survive the next such convulsion, and, since that time, military engagements have been carefully managed to make sure that they will not escalate to totality.
But, as time passes, the memory will fade. Those who saw the spectacle with their own eyes will pass and, like the defenders of outmoded scientific theories, their version of events will be supplanted by a historian’s narrative that speaks more directly to the dominant paradigm. When each generation re-writes history for its own purposes, it does so in the light of its own experiences, be they experiences of violence that immunize a society against conflict escalation, or experiences of stability that render violence mysterious and therefore romantic. With the passage of time, enough time, there will come a time when apocalyptic ideas once again have a certain luster, and men will be fascinated that such things as once happened were possible. They will dust off the lessons of the past and plan the next epic convulsion that other men with other fascinations will chronicle, describe, and attempt to understand how it all could happen again.
But how can human beings be fascinated by the violence of war? One of the things we don’t talk about much, partly from the discomfort of facing it, is that some men have the peak experiences of their lives in combat. This isn’t universal, but it doesn’t have to be universal to have a certain degree of explanatory power. Of the men who are sent into combat, some are broken by it, and are never the same again afterward. Many, perhaps most, tolerate it as best as they can. They aren’t broken by the experience, but they also have no love for it. There remains, however, a certain minority for whom combat is their peak experience.
As with all instinctive attractions, some only discover that this is their element after they have been exposed to it, but, again, there are a few individuals of heightened feelings and expectations who know what their calling is even if they have never seen it, never been exposed to it, have never even heard of it. Such men would create war for themselves even if all memory of war had been extirpated from our records. I once met a man like this, and his stories of the Second World War were truly apocalyptic. He said—and I quote from memory—“We went over there to kill and destroy, and that’s what we did.” Was this every soldier’s experience? No, of course not, but it is the experience of a few. These few require war for self-actualization, to employ the language of Maslow.
An example of this is Ernst Jünger, whose memoir of the First World War, Storm of Steel, made him a famous figure. Jünger described what came to be called the Fronterlebnis—the distinctive experience of fighting on the front lines of trench warfare—for those who flourished in this violent atmosphere. This was not the typical experience of war, but it was a new experience of war emergent from the changed social and technological conditions under which the war was fought. And it wasn’t only Germans like Jünger. On every side there were men who discovered their calling in the trenches. Among the Italians they were called the Arditti—the bold ones—who didn’t merely tolerate the war, they gloried in it.
It is sometimes claimed that the last form of the personal duel in industrialized warfare was the experience of fighter pilots in dogfights—curiously, we sometimes read this side-by-side with the claim that air warfare is dehumanizing, impersonal, and technical. Everyone has heard of the Red Baron, and many have heard of the great aviation aces of the Second World War, but “aces” emerged in all forms of combat—in tanks, in submarines, and among frontline soldiers. These were men who intuitively mastered the new technologies and took to them as if by instinct.
This was implicitly foreseen by Guilio Duhet, but the spirit that drove this was made quite explicit by the Italian futurists, and especially in Filippo Tommaso Marinetti’s Futurist Manifesto (originally published in 1909):
“We affirm that the world’s magnificence has been enriched by a new beauty: the beauty of speed. A racing car whose hood is adorned with great pipes, like serpents of explosive breath—a roaring car that seems to ride on grapeshot is more beautiful than the Victory of Samothrace.
Earlier I mentioned that Walter Benjamin wrote a review of War and Warriors, which included Jünger’s essay on total mobilization. Benjamin opened this essay with a quote from Léon Daudet, which he gives as, “L’automobile c’est la guerre” (“The automobile is war”). Benjamin comments on this quote:
“This surprising association of ideas was based on the perception of an increase in technical artifacts, in power sources, and in tempo generally that the private sector can neither absorb completely nor utilize adequately but that nonetheless demand vindication.”
Despite this explicit recognition of what he calls a surprising association of ideas, here we see how completely Benjamin missed the plot. A little further on Benjamin wrote of War and Warrior:
“These authors nowhere observe that the new warfare of technology and material [Materialschlacht] which appears to some of them as the highest revelation of existence, dispenses with all the wretched emblems of heroism that here and there have survived the World War.”
But heroism wasn’t eliminated, it was transformed, or even transfigured. The personal duel, and the sense of honor intrinsic to this form of combat, lived on in planetary-scale industrialized war, but it became a marginal experience, an outlier in the midst of the millions of men who went to war and who were in no sense suited for killing. Junger wrote about this in his Storm of Steel:
“I was busy with the training of a small shock troop, since I had come to understand in the course of the last few engagements that there was an increasing rearrangement of our fighting strength in progress. To make an actual breach or advance, there was now only a very limited number of men on whom one might rely, who had developed into a particularly resilient body of fighters, whereas the bulk of the men were at best fit to lend support. Given these circumstances, it might be better to be at the head of a small and determined group than the commander of an uncertain company.”
In comparison to the millions who fought and died and had no taste for war, the few who took to modern industrialized warfare represent only a very small fraction of the total. Others who fought with no particular love of fighting, however, could recognize the fascination it held for others. J. Glenn Gray was a soldier in the Second World War, a counter-intelligence officer, and a philosopher—a very different man from Ernst Jünger, and he fought in a different war. Twenty years after the war was over he wrote The Warriors: Reflections on Men in Battle, making an effort to describe some of the fascination that men have for battle:
“Millions of men in our day—like millions before us—have learned to live in war’s strange element and have discovered in it a powerful fascination. The emotional environment of warfare has always been compelling; it has drawn most men under its spell. Reflection and calm reasoning are alien to it.”
In it he also quotes Ernst Jünger:
“The monstrous desire for annihilation, which hovered over the battlefield, thickened the brains of the men and submerged them in a red fog. We called to each other in sobs and stammered disconnected sentences. A neutral observer might have perhaps believed that we were seized by an excess of happiness.”
No doubt there are altered states of consciousness that are only experienced in battle; experiencing an altered state of consciousness for the first time, under unique circumstances, will make an impression on anyone. Take millions of young men in their physical prime, already combative, driven by testosterone, expose them to excitement and danger, and it is no wonder that some have the time of their lives.
This problem of enthusiasm for war—whether on the part of combatants of intellectuals—is partly a psychological problem of understanding how the individual responds to war, how their intentions, their expectations, their desires and disappointments, all feed into conflict escalation. It is also partly a sociological problem of how groups of individuals respond to social forces, which can also be called social psychology. Today, social psychology doesn’t give us much help, as it is the branch of psychology that has been hit hardest by the replication crisis. Unfortunately, social psychology is corrupt. We’re on our own, thrown back on the resources of philosophy, from which the positive sciences originally sprang.
Enthusiasm for war, then, is also a philosophical problem. For the analytical philosopher of history, there is the opportunity for conceptual clarification, for explanation, for laying bare the hidden threads of causality, for heroic objectivity in the face of passion (since war arouses passions that mark few other historical inquiries). For the substantive philosopher of history, there are the questions of the inevitability or the preventability of war, the intelligibility of war as part of the historical process, and laying bare the hidden secrets of the human heart.
There are also a great many ethical questions. In my episodes so far I haven’t laid any emphasis on the relationship between philosophy of history and ethics. My recent episode on Berdyaev would have been an opportunity to do this, as history was through and through a moral problem for Berdyaev.
The problem of explanation in history, that I touched on in relation to Patrick Gardiner and Carl Hempel, is also an ethical problem insofar as moral motives are drivers of historical action (and of inaction), unless we hold that human beings are mere marionettes, with our strings pulled by natural forces. I don’t say that moral motives are the sole drivers of action, but they count among many drivers of action, some of which are moral, some amoral, and some immoral.
Earlier I mentioned the sense of honor that is attached to individual combat. There are, of course, many values and virtues associated with war, not only the values of the frontline soldier—valor, courage, boldness, steadfastness, integrity, chivalry—but also the values of the society that goes to war for admirable ideals—as the claims for Germany to be fighting on behalf of humanity and England to be fighting on behalf of civilization. It is only after the war has run its course and the bodies of soldiers begin returning from the battlefields that the ideals look tarnished. In abstraction, in splendid isolation from their consequences, these ideals are what found societies and drive them forward in history. Perhaps this is what Walter Benjamin meant when he wrote: “There has never been a document of culture, which is not simultaneously one of barbarism.”
In the righteous condemnation of war, the ideals and values and virtues celebrated in wartime are neglected, or intentionally obscured. In times of war enthusiasm, like the August Madness, the ideals and values and virtues of peace are neglected, or intentionally obscured. And so it is that we lurch from peace to war and back to peace again, as in Turchin’s generational model, but as much from the chaotic process of history developing an unstable oscillation that destroys societies exposed to these forces as from generational cycles.
Once again the spectre looms of human beings as mere marionettes, whose strings are pulled by forces of history that we do not control. We haven’t yet discovered a way to construct a social order that does not give way to these unstable oscillations between war and peace. There have been many hopeful attempts, some familiar to us in our own time, but none that endure over the longue durée. And this is the point at which political philosophy intersects with philosophy of history.
There are more unsolved problems here than solved problems. Perhaps there are only unsolved problems.

Video Presentation

https://youtu.be/sxYxzLvUOmI
https://www.instagram.com/p/C40D_RRtu2w/

Podcast Edition

https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/nick-nielsen94/episodes/Wars-and-Rumors-of-Wars-e2hduos
https://podcasters.amazon.com/podcasts/a31b8276-53cd-4723-b6ad-a39c8faa4572/episodes/ecbaf36d-67da-48da-9a10-2fad46e47d1e
https://www.iheart.com/podcast/269-today-in-philosophy-of-his-146507578/episode/wars-and-rumors-of-wars-161177207/

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2024.03.15 16:01 Mirieste È terminata la ricognizione delle norme prerepubblicane (1861-1946) da abrogare: pronti a sparire 30.243 atti dall'Unità d'Italia alla formazione della Repubblica

Questa è una sfida di cui si è incaricato il governo (nella forma del Ministero per le riforme istituzionali e la semplificazione normativa), e che non tutti conoscono.
Ma partiamo dai dati (Introduzione ad A.C. 1572, 27 novembre 2023). Secondo l'ultimo rilevamento dell'Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, dall'Unità d'Italia a ora sono stati adottati 204.272 atti aventi valore normativo; di questi, solo 94.062 sono stati abrogati esplicitamente. È chiaro che, dei più di centomila rimanenti, solo una minima parte sono tutt'oggi utili e utilizzati.
Cosa fare del mucchio rimanente? C'è tutta una storia dietro quel 99% restante, ed è una storia che, dopo un paio di decenni, sta finalmente per giungere alla sua conclusione.

Il taglia-leggi del 2005

Degli atti vecchi che rimangono a prender polvere se ne parla già da decenni. E il primo intervento in tal senso avvenne nel 2005, quando fu approvato il cosiddetto taglia-leggi (L. 246/2005). All'articolo 14, comma pure 14, si prevedeva che:
Entro ventiquattro mesi [...], il Governo è delegato ad adottare [...] decreti legislativi che individuano le disposizioni legislative statali, pubblicate anteriormente al 1° gennaio 1970 [...] delle quali si ritiene indispensabile la permanenza in vigore [...].
E subito sotto, al comma 14-ter:
Fatto salvo quanto stabilito dal comma 17, decorso un anno [...] tutte le disposizioni legislative statali non comprese nei decreti legislativi di cui al comma 14 [...] sono abrogate.
Insomma, fatta breve, al governo è stato dato del tempo per selezionare le leggi, antecedenti al 1° gennaio 1970, che andavano salvate; qualsiasi atto con valore di legge, che non fosse stato compreso in questo elenco e che risultasse antecedente al 1970, sarebbe stato automaticamente stralciato dal sistema legislativo italiano.
Quella postilla che rimanda al comma 17 semplicemente stabilisce alcune leggi che assolutamente non possono essere abrogate, nemmeno se per errore non sono incluse nel decreto salva-leggi (e sono quelle che possiamo immaginare tutti: il codice civile e il codice penale, quelle di rilevanza costituzionale, e così via).
Questo meccanismo fu denominato la ghigliottina; e così quattro anni dopo, a seguito di alcuni rinvii, fu pubblicato un decreto legislativo (D. Lgs 179/2009) contenente l'elenco di tutte le leggi italiane, antecedenti al 1970, che il governo reputava indispensabili. Il 16 dicembre 2010 scadde anche il termine ultimo per modificare il salva-leggi, la ghigliottina si attivò, e tutto ciò che non fu salvato perse effetto.
Ma restavano ancora due problemi.

Abrogazioni espresse v. abrogazioni implicite, e «atto normativo statale con valore di legge»

Il primo problema è uno di buon senso: le abrogazioni implicite non sono il massimo della forma.
Con questo intendo dire che, piuttosto che dichiarare: «Queste leggi sono salvate, e tutte quelle non salvate sono decadute», sarebbe più conveniente indicare espressamente quali sono le leggi obsolete abrogate, fossero anche centomila, nominandole individualmente.
Questa è pure una questione tecnica, prettamente di gestione dei database elettronici (Analisi tecnico-normativa A.C. 1572):
Infine, è utile anche rilevare che le banche dati, che raccolgono gli atti normativi dell’ordinamento italiano, danno evidenza delle abrogazioni espresse, non anche di quelle implicite o tacite e neppure dell’esaurimento degli effetti normativi degli atti, che restano per questo come rami secchi a ingombrare inutilmente la già fitta selva di norme dell’ordinamento giuridico.
Insomma, la ghigliottina del taglia-leggi non era il metodo più efficace che potesse esserci; e se n'erano resi conto già allora. Sono del 2008 due decreti-legge (D.L. 112/2008, D.L. 200/2008) che in totale abrogano, stavolta espressamente, uno per uno, circa trentamila testi normativi—inclusi anche testi antecedenti al 1970 (e che quindi sarebbero già stati coperti, in futuro, dalla ghigliottina). Avevano capito che l'abrogazione generalizzata e presunta genera solo incertezza, qualora un atto non fosse esplicitamente indicato come non più valido.
Perciò si decise che in futuro non si sarebbe più applicata questa tecnica, posto che quei due decreti del 2008 già abbassarono il numero delle leggi.
Appunto, in futuro: quindi di cosa discutiamo ora? Lo spiega il secondo problema, visto che ne citavo due: e questo è la dicitura «atto normativo statale con valore di legge». Il taglia-leggi, come dice il nome stesso, agisce sulle leggi, e non comprende tutte le altre tipologie di atti che sono state emanate in passato, ma che non avevano forza di legge. Una di queste tipologie d'atti, ad esempio, sono i regolamenti (una fonte normativa che sta un gradino sotto la legge), una gran parte dei quali necessitò di un regolamento apposito (D.P.R. 248/2010), nel 2010, per essere abrogata.
Ecco, questo è un punto cruciale.
Perché la ghigliottina non si estese anche a tutto ciò che stava sotto la legge? Perché i regolamenti obsoleti furono abrogati con un regolamento apposito? In teoria, dacché i regolamenti stanno sotto la legge, una legge avrebbe pure potuto abrogarli. Semmai non può accadere il viceversa (una fonte di rango inferiore non può abrogarne una di rango superiore), ma la superiore può vincere sull'inferiore. Eppure non lo si fece; e ora vediamo perché.

Nessuno sa cosa sia un regio decreto

Ghigliottinate le leggi (e gli atti aventi forza di legge) col taglia-leggi prima, ed espressamente coi i decreti del 2008 poi, e i regolamenti con un apposito regolamento nel 2010, la terza tipologia di fonte normativa più comune nella storia italiana sono stati i regi decreti. E il problema nasce qui.
Per dire la verità, e riallacciandoci alle domande conclusive della sezione precedente, non c'è una vera e propria ‘regola’ secondo cui una legge possa essere abrogata solo con una legge, e un regolamento solo con un regolamento. Se si vuole abrogare un regolamento con una legge, lo si può fare. È più che altro una questione di forma. Esattamente come le abrogazioni implicite sono sconsigliate rispetto a quelle espresse (anche per via della questione dei database informatici), allo stesso modo vedere una fonte scomparire nel nulla perché una fonte di tipo diverso, superiore, l'ha sconfessata è inelegante e inefficiente.
Ecco, è una bella linea di pensiero, se solo si sapesse cosa sono i regi decreti.
Sono leggi? Sono regolamenti? Chiaramente i regi decreti non possono essere più prodotti—non c'è più un re in Italia. Nessuno può più emanare regi decreti per abrogare quelli obsoleti. E proprio loro, quelli antichi e ancora in vigore, come si classificano? Già nel lontano '79 la Corte costituzionale (Corte Cost. 54/1979) rigettò un'obiezione secondo cui un certo regio decreto dovesse essere classificato come regolamento, e non come atto avente forza di legge (e quindi la Corte si arrogò il diritto di poter giudicare su quello specifico atto). Ciò dimostra come non ci fosse un'opinione unica in merito, e questa stessa sentenza è richiamata anche nell'Introduzione ad A.C. 1168.
Anche il Consiglio di Stato è stato più volte chiamato a esprimere il suo parere in merito, e in un'occasione (Dossier A.C. 1168) ha ammesso che esiste:
[...] estrema difficoltà di una verifica contenutistica che, indubbiamente, presenta margini di errore per atti così risalenti nel tempo ed espressione di un sistema delle fonti profondamente diverso [...].
E dunque, in caso di incertezza, ha consigliato che:
[...] deve ritenersi preferibile correre il rischio di una abrogazione con una fonte di rango superiore piuttosto che quello inverso di abrogazione di una norma primaria con una fonte secondaria.
Insomma: se non si sa se i regi decreti sono leggi o regolamenti o che altro, meglio abrogarli con legge, e rischiare di abrogare con una fonte superiore un regolamento (brutto, ma legittimo), che abrogarli con regolamento, e rischiare di abrogare con regolamento una legge (completamente illegittimo).
La strada è dunque spianata: abrogare i regi decreti con legge, e facendolo uno per uno come l'esperienza passata ha insegnato. E così si è proceduto.

L'opera di ricognizione giunge al termine

Nel 2023, quindi, è finalmente terminata una ricognizione immensa, che ha coinvolto tutti i ministeri e tutte le amministrazioni statali competenti per materia. È stato reperito l'elenco di tutti i regi decreti attualmente in vigore, ciascuna amministrazione ha detto la sua su quali tenere e quali no, e tutto ciò è culminato nella pubblicazione di quattro disegni di legge di abrogazione di norme prerepubblicane:
Il processo si conclude con l'ultimo passo, e cioè col disegno di legge più recente (del 27 novembre 2023, e che è stato assegnato alla Commissione Affari Costituzionali della Camera giusto un mesetto fa, il 19 febbraio 2024):
Con questo passaggio finale si abrogano finalmente tutta una serie di norme prerepubblicane, non di rango legislativo e ormai obsolete, emanate in una forma diversa da quella del regio decreto; e nello specifico si annullano:
A tal scopo, l'introduzione al disegno di legge non fa male a ricordare che:
[...] come già i predecessori nelle guerre del Risorgimento, il Re Vittorio Emanuele III di Savoia, in tutto il periodo della sua presenza al fronte durante la prima Guerra mondiale, delegò le funzioni reali al principe Tommaso di Savoia-Genova, che assunse il titolo di Luogotenente del Re e firmò decreti reali che furono perciò definiti decreti reali luogotenenziali.
Mentre la natura dei decreti del capo del governo era la seguente:
Si trattava di atti emanati dal Capo del Governo e vistati dal Guardasigilli in carica, a seguito di deliberazione del Comitato corporativo centrale che [...] esercitava, previa autorizzazione del Capo del Governo, tutte le funzioni assegnate agli altri organi del Consiglio nazionale delle corporazioni. Attualmente ne risultano vigenti soltanto sette.
E infine:
[...] era attribuita al Duce del Fascismo, Capo del Governo, la competenza a promulgare, con proprio decreto da inserire nella raccolta ufficiale delle leggi e dei decreti del Regno, il testo definitivo delle norme corporative e degli accordi economici collettivi, che stabilissero contribuzioni [...].

Conclusioni

Ovviamente i disegni di legge sono ancora all'esame della Commissione Affari Costituzionali, ma non dovrebbero porsi ostacoli di sorta: una volta che saranno approvati, sommando tutti i numeri si arriva a 30.243—ossia più di trentamila atti ormai obsoleti, che finalmente smetteranno di intasare le banche dati della legislazione italiana.
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2024.03.09 16:52 suedney Post Match Thread: Cagliari 4-2 Salernitana Italian Serie A

FT: Cagliari 4-2 Salernitana

Venue: Unipol Domus
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LINE-UPS
Cagliari
Simone Scuffet, Alberto Dossena, Yerry Mina, Tommaso Augello (Mateusz Wieteska), Gabriele Zappa, Alessandro Deiola, Antoine Makoumbou, Jakub Jankto (Paulo Azzi), Nahitan Nández (Nicolas Viola), Gianluca Lapadula (Gaetano Oristanio), Gianluca Gaetano (Eldor Shomurodov).
Subs: Pantelis Hatzidiakos, Simone Aresti, Kingstone Mutandwa, Alessandro Di Pardo, Matteo Prati, Adam Obert, Boris Radunovic.
____________________________
Salernitana
Guillermo Ochoa, Federico Fazio, Kostas Manolas (Lorenzo Pirola), Domagoj Bradaric, Alessandro Zanoli (Junior Sambia), Shon Weissman (Simy ), Giulio Maggiore, Antonio Candreva, Grigoris Kastanos (Toma Basic), Lassana Coulibaly (Iron Gomis), Loum Tchaouna.
Subs: Tommaso Ferrari, Emanuel Vignato, Pasquale Allocca, Triantafyllos Pasalidis, Mateusz Legowski, Marco Pellegrino, Benoit Costil, Chukwubuikem Ikwuemesi, Agustín Martegani.
MATCH EVENTS via ESPN
12' Goal! Cagliari 1, Salernitana 0. Gianluca Lapadula (Cagliari) left footed shot from very close range to the centre of the goal. Assisted by Gabriele Zappa with a through ball.Goal awarded following VAR Review.
40' Goal! Cagliari 2, Salernitana 0. Gianluca Gaetano (Cagliari) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the centre of the goal. Assisted by Nahitan Nández following a fast break.
45' Substitution, Cagliari. Eldor Shomurodov replaces Gianluca Gaetano.
45' Substitution, Salernitana. Lorenzo Pirola replaces Konstantinos Manolas.
51' Goal! Cagliari 3, Salernitana 0. Eldor Shomurodov (Cagliari) right footed shot from very close range to the bottom left corner.
56' Goal! Cagliari 3, Salernitana 1. Grigoris Kastanos (Salernitana) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the centre of the goal. Assisted by Alessandro Zanoli with a cross.
58' Goal! Cagliari 3, Salernitana 2. Giulio Maggiore (Salernitana) header from the right side of the six yard box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Antonio Candreva with a cross following a corner.
65' Substitution, Salernitana. Simy replaces Shon Weissman.
66' Substitution, Cagliari. Nicolas Viola replaces Nahitan Nández.
66' Substitution, Cagliari. Gaetano Oristanio replaces Gianluca Lapadula.
66' Substitution, Cagliari. Paulo Azzi replaces Jakub Jankto.
70' Tommaso Augello (Cagliari) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
73' Grigoris Kastanos (Salernitana) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
74' Substitution, Salernitana. Iron Gomis replaces Lassana Coulibaly.
74' Substitution, Salernitana. Junior Sambia replaces Alessandro Zanoli.
77' Substitution, Cagliari. Mateusz Wieteska replaces Tommaso Augello.
85' Junior Sambia (Salernitana) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
87' Substitution, Salernitana. Toma Basic replaces Grigoris Kastanos.
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2024.03.09 15:24 MatchThreadder Match Thread: Cagliari vs Salernitana Italian Serie A

FT: Cagliari 4-2 Salernitana

Venue: Unipol Domus
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LINE-UPS
Cagliari
Simone Scuffet, Alberto Dossena, Yerry Mina, Tommaso Augello (Mateusz Wieteska), Gabriele Zappa, Alessandro Deiola, Antoine Makoumbou, Jakub Jankto (Paulo Azzi), Nahitan Nández (Nicolas Viola), Gianluca Lapadula (Gaetano Oristanio), Gianluca Gaetano (Eldor Shomurodov).
Subs: Pantelis Hatzidiakos, Simone Aresti, Kingstone Mutandwa, Alessandro Di Pardo, Matteo Prati, Adam Obert, Boris Radunovic.
____________________________
Salernitana
Guillermo Ochoa, Federico Fazio, Kostas Manolas (Lorenzo Pirola), Domagoj Bradaric, Alessandro Zanoli (Junior Sambia), Shon Weissman (Simy ), Giulio Maggiore, Antonio Candreva, Grigoris Kastanos (Toma Basic), Lassana Coulibaly (Iron Gomis), Loum Tchaouna.
Subs: Tommaso Ferrari, Emanuel Vignato, Pasquale Allocca, Triantafyllos Pasalidis, Mateusz Legowski, Marco Pellegrino, Benoit Costil, Chukwubuikem Ikwuemesi, Agustín Martegani.
MATCH EVENTS via ESPN
12' Goal! Cagliari 1, Salernitana 0. Gianluca Lapadula (Cagliari) left footed shot from very close range to the centre of the goal. Assisted by Gabriele Zappa with a through ball.Goal awarded following VAR Review.
40' Goal! Cagliari 2, Salernitana 0. Gianluca Gaetano (Cagliari) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the centre of the goal. Assisted by Nahitan Nández following a fast break.
45' Substitution, Cagliari. Eldor Shomurodov replaces Gianluca Gaetano.
45' Substitution, Salernitana. Lorenzo Pirola replaces Konstantinos Manolas.
51' Goal! Cagliari 3, Salernitana 0. Eldor Shomurodov (Cagliari) right footed shot from very close range to the bottom left corner.
56' Goal! Cagliari 3, Salernitana 1. Grigoris Kastanos (Salernitana) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the centre of the goal. Assisted by Alessandro Zanoli with a cross.
58' Goal! Cagliari 3, Salernitana 2. Giulio Maggiore (Salernitana) header from the right side of the six yard box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Antonio Candreva with a cross following a corner.
65' Substitution, Salernitana. Simy replaces Shon Weissman.
66' Substitution, Cagliari. Nicolas Viola replaces Nahitan Nández.
66' Substitution, Cagliari. Gaetano Oristanio replaces Gianluca Lapadula.
66' Substitution, Cagliari. Paulo Azzi replaces Jakub Jankto.
70' Tommaso Augello (Cagliari) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
73' Grigoris Kastanos (Salernitana) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
74' Substitution, Salernitana. Iron Gomis replaces Lassana Coulibaly.
74' Substitution, Salernitana. Junior Sambia replaces Alessandro Zanoli.
77' Substitution, Cagliari. Mateusz Wieteska replaces Tommaso Augello.
85' Junior Sambia (Salernitana) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
87' Substitution, Salernitana. Toma Basic replaces Grigoris Kastanos.
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2024.03.07 20:43 suedney Post Match Thread: AS Roma 4-0 Brighton & Hove Albion UEFA Europa League

FT: AS Roma 4-0 Brighton & Hove Albion

Venue: Olimpico
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LINE-UPS
AS Roma
Mile Svilar, Evan Ndicka, Gianluca Mancini, Leonardo Spinazzola (Diego Llorente), Zeki Celik, Leandro Paredes (Edoardo Bove), Lorenzo Pellegrini, Bryan Cristante, Romelu Lukaku (Sardar Azmoun), Stephan El Shaarawy (Nicola Zalewski), Paulo Dybala (Tommaso Baldanzi).
Subs: Renato Sanches, Rui Patrício, Angeliño, Pietro Boer, Rick Karsdorp, Chris Smalling, Houssem Aouar.
____________________________
Brighton & Hove Albion
Jason Steele, Lewis Dunk, Jan Paul van Hecke, Igor Julio (Pervis Estupiñán), Tariq Lamptey, Julio Enciso (Ansu Fati), Pascal Groß, Billy Gilmour (Carlos Baleba), Danny Welbeck (Evan Ferguson), Simon Adingra, Facundo Buonanotte (Joël Veltman).
Subs: Cameron Peupion, Tom McGill, Jakub Moder, Benicio Baker-Boaitey, Adam Webster, Adam Lallana, Bart Verbruggen.
MATCH EVENTS via ESPN
12' Goal! Roma 1, Brighton and Hove Albion 0. Paulo Dybala (Roma) left footed shot from the left side of the box to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Leandro Paredes with a through ball.Goal awarded following VAR Review.
38' Jan Paul van Hecke (Brighton and Hove Albion) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
43' Goal! Roma 2, Brighton and Hove Albion 0. Romelu Lukaku (Roma) left footed shot from the right side of the box to the bottom right corner.
45' Substitution, Brighton and Hove Albion. Ansu Fati replaces Julio Enciso.
61' Leonardo Spinazzola (Roma) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
64' Goal! Roma 3, Brighton and Hove Albion 0. Gianluca Mancini (Roma) right footed shot from very close range to the centre of the goal. Assisted by Stephan El Shaarawy with a cross following a corner.
67' Tariq Lamptey (Brighton and Hove Albion) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
68' Goal! Roma 4, Brighton and Hove Albion 0. Bryan Cristante (Roma) header from the centre of the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Stephan El Shaarawy.
72' Substitution, Roma. Tommaso Baldanzi replaces Paulo Dybala.
72' Substitution, Roma. Edoardo Bove replaces Leandro Paredes.
75' Substitution, Brighton and Hove Albion. Pervis Estupiñán replaces Igor Julio.
75' Substitution, Brighton and Hove Albion. Joël Veltman replaces Facundo Buonanotte.
81' Substitution, Brighton and Hove Albion. Evan Ferguson replaces Danny Welbeck.
81' Substitution, Brighton and Hove Albion. Carlos Baleba replaces Billy Gilmour.
82' Substitution, Roma. Diego Llorente replaces Leonardo Spinazzola.
88' Substitution, Roma. Nicola Zalewski replaces Stephan El Shaarawy.
88' Substitution, Roma. Sardar Azmoun replaces Romelu Lukaku.
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2024.03.07 18:45 MatchThreadder Match Thread: AS Roma vs Brighton & Hove Albion UEFA Europa League

FT: AS Roma 4-0 Brighton & Hove Albion

Venue: Olimpico
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LINE-UPS
AS Roma
Mile Svilar, Evan Ndicka, Gianluca Mancini, Leonardo Spinazzola (Diego Llorente), Zeki Celik, Leandro Paredes (Edoardo Bove), Lorenzo Pellegrini, Bryan Cristante, Romelu Lukaku (Sardar Azmoun), Stephan El Shaarawy (Nicola Zalewski), Paulo Dybala (Tommaso Baldanzi).
Subs: Renato Sanches, Rui Patrício, Angeliño, Pietro Boer, Rick Karsdorp, Chris Smalling, Houssem Aouar.
____________________________
Brighton & Hove Albion
Jason Steele, Lewis Dunk, Jan Paul van Hecke, Igor Julio (Pervis Estupiñán), Tariq Lamptey, Julio Enciso (Ansu Fati), Pascal Groß, Billy Gilmour (Carlos Baleba), Danny Welbeck (Evan Ferguson), Simon Adingra, Facundo Buonanotte (Joël Veltman).
Subs: Cameron Peupion, Tom McGill, Jakub Moder, Benicio Baker-Boaitey, Adam Webster, Adam Lallana, Bart Verbruggen.
MATCH EVENTS via ESPN
12' Goal! Roma 1, Brighton and Hove Albion 0. Paulo Dybala (Roma) left footed shot from the left side of the box to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Leandro Paredes with a through ball.Goal awarded following VAR Review.
38' Jan Paul van Hecke (Brighton and Hove Albion) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
43' Goal! Roma 2, Brighton and Hove Albion 0. Romelu Lukaku (Roma) left footed shot from the right side of the box to the bottom right corner.
45' Substitution, Brighton and Hove Albion. Ansu Fati replaces Julio Enciso.
61' Leonardo Spinazzola (Roma) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
64' Goal! Roma 3, Brighton and Hove Albion 0. Gianluca Mancini (Roma) right footed shot from very close range to the centre of the goal. Assisted by Stephan El Shaarawy with a cross following a corner.
67' Tariq Lamptey (Brighton and Hove Albion) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
68' Goal! Roma 4, Brighton and Hove Albion 0. Bryan Cristante (Roma) header from the centre of the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Stephan El Shaarawy.
72' Substitution, Roma. Tommaso Baldanzi replaces Paulo Dybala.
72' Substitution, Roma. Edoardo Bove replaces Leandro Paredes.
75' Substitution, Brighton and Hove Albion. Pervis Estupiñán replaces Igor Julio.
75' Substitution, Brighton and Hove Albion. Joël Veltman replaces Facundo Buonanotte.
81' Substitution, Brighton and Hove Albion. Evan Ferguson replaces Danny Welbeck.
81' Substitution, Brighton and Hove Albion. Carlos Baleba replaces Billy Gilmour.
82' Substitution, Roma. Diego Llorente replaces Leonardo Spinazzola.
88' Substitution, Roma. Nicola Zalewski replaces Stephan El Shaarawy.
88' Substitution, Roma. Sardar Azmoun replaces Romelu Lukaku.
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2024.02.29 23:03 DarkChild9 Hotel Mondial Milan Review - Should You Stay At This Hotel?

Hotel Mondial Milan Review - Should You Stay At This Hotel? submitted by DarkChild9 to thetriphunter [link] [comments]


2024.02.29 05:06 RedditAndWhatNot Tommaso Mondial for $500?

Tommaso Mondial for $500?
Is this Tommaso Mondial a good deal for $500? I can't find much information on this bike online and I'm just trying to get started so I don't know much about bikes.
Thanks!
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2024.02.18 14:30 suedney Post Match Thread: Lazio 1-2 Bologna Italian Serie A

FT: Lazio 1-2 Bologna

Venue: Olimpico
Auto-refreshing reddit comments link
LINE-UPS
Lazio
Ivan Provedel, Mario Gila, Patric (Nicolo Casale), Adam Marusic, Manuel Lazzari (Luca Pellegrini), Danilo Cataldi, Luis Alberto (Daichi Kamada), Matteo Guendouzi, Ciro Immobile (Valentín Castellanos), Felipe Anderson, Gustav Isaksen (Pedro).
Subs: Luigi Sepe, André Anderson, Luca Napolitano, Saná Fernandes, Elseid Hysaj, Christos Mandas.
____________________________
Bologna
Lukasz Skorupski, Jhon Lucumi, Sam Beukema, Oussama El Azzouzi (Michel Aebischer), Victor Kristiansen (Riccardo Calafiori), Stefan Posch, Lewis Ferguson, Giovanni Fabbian (Kacper Urbanski), Alexis Saelemaekers (Dan Ndoye), Riccardo Orsolini (Charalampos Lykogiannis), Joshua Zirkzee.
Subs: Nicola Bagnolini, Federico Ravaglia, Lorenzo De Silvestri, Nikola Moro, Jens Odgaard, Tommaso Corazza, Jesper Karlsson, Mihajlo Ilic.
MATCH EVENTS via ESPN
11' Substitution, Lazio. Nicolò Casale replaces Patric because of an injury.
18' Goal! Lazio 1, Bologna 0. Gustav Isaksen (Lazio) left footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Ciro Immobile.
25' Giovanni Fabbian (Bologna) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
35' Danilo Cataldi (Lazio) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
39' Goal! Lazio 1, Bologna 1. Oussama El Azzouzi (Bologna) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the high centre of the goal. Assisted by Giovanni Fabbian.Goal awarded following VAR Review.
46' Oussama El Azzouzi (Bologna) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
65' Substitution, Lazio. Pedro replaces Gustav Isaksen.
65' Substitution, Lazio. Valentín Castellanos replaces Ciro Immobile.
73' Substitution, Bologna. Dan Ndoye replaces Alexis Saelemaekers.
73' Substitution, Bologna. Michel Aebischer replaces Oussama El Azzouzi.
73' Substitution, Bologna. Kacper Urbanski replaces Giovanni Fabbian.
77' Substitution, Lazio. Daichi Kamada replaces Luis Alberto.
77' Substitution, Lazio. Luca Pellegrini replaces Manuel Lazzari.
78' Goal! Lazio 1, Bologna 2. Joshua Zirkzee (Bologna) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Victor Kristiansen with a cross.
78' Adam Marusic (Lazio) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
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2024.02.18 12:30 MatchThreadder Match Thread: Lazio vs Bologna Italian Serie A

FT: Lazio 1-2 Bologna

Venue: Olimpico
Auto-refreshing reddit comments link
LINE-UPS
Lazio
Ivan Provedel, Mario Gila, Patric (Nicolo Casale), Adam Marusic, Manuel Lazzari (Luca Pellegrini), Danilo Cataldi, Luis Alberto (Daichi Kamada), Matteo Guendouzi, Ciro Immobile (Valentín Castellanos), Felipe Anderson, Gustav Isaksen (Pedro).
Subs: Luigi Sepe, André Anderson, Luca Napolitano, Saná Fernandes, Elseid Hysaj, Christos Mandas.
____________________________
Bologna
Lukasz Skorupski, Jhon Lucumi, Sam Beukema, Oussama El Azzouzi (Michel Aebischer), Victor Kristiansen (Riccardo Calafiori), Stefan Posch, Lewis Ferguson, Giovanni Fabbian (Kacper Urbanski), Alexis Saelemaekers (Dan Ndoye), Riccardo Orsolini (Charalampos Lykogiannis), Joshua Zirkzee.
Subs: Nicola Bagnolini, Federico Ravaglia, Lorenzo De Silvestri, Nikola Moro, Jens Odgaard, Tommaso Corazza, Jesper Karlsson, Mihajlo Ilic.
MATCH EVENTS via ESPN
11' Substitution, Lazio. Nicolò Casale replaces Patric because of an injury.
18' Goal! Lazio 1, Bologna 0. Gustav Isaksen (Lazio) left footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Ciro Immobile.
25' Giovanni Fabbian (Bologna) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
35' Danilo Cataldi (Lazio) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
39' Goal! Lazio 1, Bologna 1. Oussama El Azzouzi (Bologna) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the high centre of the goal. Assisted by Giovanni Fabbian.Goal awarded following VAR Review.
46' Oussama El Azzouzi (Bologna) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
65' Substitution, Lazio. Pedro replaces Gustav Isaksen.
65' Substitution, Lazio. Valentín Castellanos replaces Ciro Immobile.
73' Substitution, Bologna. Dan Ndoye replaces Alexis Saelemaekers.
73' Substitution, Bologna. Michel Aebischer replaces Oussama El Azzouzi.
73' Substitution, Bologna. Kacper Urbanski replaces Giovanni Fabbian.
77' Substitution, Lazio. Daichi Kamada replaces Luis Alberto.
77' Substitution, Lazio. Luca Pellegrini replaces Manuel Lazzari.
78' Goal! Lazio 1, Bologna 2. Joshua Zirkzee (Bologna) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Victor Kristiansen with a cross.
78' Adam Marusic (Lazio) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
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2024.02.10 20:00 suedney Post Match Thread: AS Roma 2-4 Internazionale Italian Serie A

FT: AS Roma 2-4 Internazionale

Venue: Olimpico
Auto-refreshing reddit comments link
LINE-UPS
AS Roma
Rui Patrício, Dean Huijsen, Gianluca Mancini, Angeliño (Leonardo Spinazzola), Rick Karsdorp, Leandro Paredes, Lorenzo Pellegrini (Tommaso Baldanzi), Bryan Cristante (Edoardo Bove), Romelu Lukaku, Stephan El Shaarawy (Nicola Zalewski), Paulo Dybala (Sardar Azmoun).
Subs: Renato Sanches, Houssem Aouar, Diego Llorente, Rasmus Kristensen, João Costa, Chris Smalling, Pietro Boer, Mile Svilar, Zeki Celik.
____________________________
Internazionale
Yann Sommer, Francesco Acerbi (Stefan de Vrij), Alessandro Bastoni, Benjamin Pavard, Federico Dimarco (Carlos Augusto), Matteo Darmian (Denzel Dumfries), Hakan Calhanoglu, Henrikh Mkhitaryan, Nicolò Barella, Lautaro Martínez (Marko Arnautovic), Marcus Thuram (Alexis Sánchez).
Subs: Davy Klaassen, Ebenezer Akinsanmiro, Kristjan Asllani, Raffaele Di Gennaro, Yann Bisseck, Tajon Buchanan, Emil Audero.
MATCH EVENTS via ESPN
17' Goal! Roma 0, Inter Milan 1. Francesco Acerbi (Inter Milan) header from the centre of the box to the bottom right corner following a corner.Goal confirmed following VAR Review.
28' Goal! Roma 1, Inter Milan 1. Gianluca Mancini (Roma) header from the centre of the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Lorenzo Pellegrini with a cross following a set piece situation.
44' Goal! Roma 2, Inter Milan 1. Stephan El Shaarawy (Roma) left footed shot from the left side of the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Lorenzo Pellegrini following a fast break.
47' Gianluca Mancini (Roma) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
49' Goal! Roma 2, Inter Milan 2. Marcus Thuram (Inter Milan) right footed shot from the right side of the six yard box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Matteo Darmian with a cross.
56' Own Goal by Angeliño, Roma. Roma 2, Inter Milan 3.
61' Substitution, Roma. Leonardo Spinazzola replaces Angeliño.
61' Substitution, Roma. Edoardo Bove replaces Bryan Cristante.
63' Substitution, Inter Milan. Stefan de Vrij replaces Francesco Acerbi because of an injury.
75' Substitution, Inter Milan. Carlos Augusto replaces Federico Dimarco.
75' Substitution, Inter Milan. Denzel Dumfries replaces Matteo Darmian.
75' Substitution, Inter Milan. Marko Arnautovic replaces Lautaro Martínez.
76' Substitution, Roma. Nicola Zalewski replaces Stephan El Shaarawy.
76' Substitution, Roma. Tommaso Baldanzi replaces Lorenzo Pellegrini.
87' Substitution, Inter Milan. Alexis Sánchez replaces Marcus Thuram.
87' Substitution, Roma. Sardar Azmoun replaces Paulo Dybala.
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