Here's the dashboard page that monitors my server and services.
I thought I would love the line graphs from custom:mini-graph-card (here) but they are actually not all that useful or informative as (I have them configured, at least) because some of them plot multiple sensors, while others plot the max, min, and avg of a single sensor, and without axis labels it is difficult to line up events or determine if things are 'in spec'. As I write this, I'm realizing one nice feature, for example, would be for mousing over one graph to generate a corresponding vertical bar on every other graph so that I can identify synchronous events! In contrast, the gauge cards are actually much more directly informative in this setup.
One thing I'm planning to do is add an MQTT sensor for proxmox storage pool status and display the status of each drive categorized by which pool they are in.
What I really want is to determine at glance if something needs attention, without necessarily knowing what the indicator would be. But dramatic changes in temperature, or power draw (to be added soon) or memory use, for example would would be good things to flag.
What would you add or change about this dashboard page? What information does yours provide?
https://preview.redd.it/l3yajj7v7h1d1.png?width=2264&format=png&auto=webp&s=eff86455a6435ac2565c1facf7cca9798467a209

Spain Weather In March 2024
March is an ideal month to visit Spain. The weather is mild, and the days are long and sunny. We'll explore the average temperatures, hours of daylight, rainfall, sunsets, and activities you can enjoy during your stay. We'll also provide a packing list and safety tips so you can experience Spain with confidence.
Spain in March is a great time to enjoy the outdoors. The days are getting longer and the temperatures are mild, making it perfect for activities such as hiking and exploring the countryside. The average temperature in March in Spain is around 15°C, with the warmer temperatures in the south and cooler temperatures in the north.
Daylight hours range from 10-12 hours per day, with the longest days in the south and the shortest in the north. Rainfall is relatively low in March, with only a few days of rainfall. The sunsets are spectacular, with the sun setting around 8 pm in the north and 9 pm in the south.
Average Temperatures
You can expect pleasant temperatures throughout the month, on average.
In March, the average temperature in Spain is a comfortable 12°C (53°F) with highs of 16°C (61°F) and lows of 7°C (45°F). The temperatures vary slightly depending on the region.
For instance, in Barcelona, the temperature is an average of 12°C (54°F) and in Madrid it is 13°C (55°F).
Traveling around Spain in March is a great time to explore cities and famous sites without having to deal with the scorching heat of the summer months.
Even though days are warm, Spain can experience some chilly days in March. It's important to bring along layers of clothing, such as a light jacket or sweater. Additionally, Spain experiences a considerable amount of rain this month, so it's a good idea to bring rain gear.
It's also a good idea to check the weather forecast for the locations you plan to visit.
The weather in Spain in March is generally mild and comfortable. Although there can be some rain and chillier days, overall it's a great time to visit and explore the country. Pack accordingly and enjoy all that Spain has to offer this time of year.
Hours of Daylight
At this time of year, you'll experience plenty of sunshine, with daylight lasting into the late evening hours. In March, the average amount of daylight hours in Spain is 11 to 13 hours per day. The amount of daylight hours is influenced by the latitude of the location.
For example, Madrid has the highest number of daylight hours at 13 hours per day, while cities located on the coast, such as Barcelona and Valencia, have around 11 hours of daylight a day.
In Spain, daylight hours begin to increase in March. This makes it an ideal time to plan sightseeing trips or beachwear activities. Spain's Mediterranean coastline offers a wide array of activities that can be enjoyed in these longer hours of daylight.
From exploring the country's many historical monuments to beachfront activities such as swimming, kayaking, and snorkelling, there is something for everyone.
The daylight hours in Spain in March are perfect for outdoor activities. You can enjoy the warm sun during the day and explore the nightlife in the later hours of the day. The extended daylight hours also provide the opportunity to take in the beauty of the Spanish countryside and beaches.
With a little planning, you can maximize your time and experience all that Spain has to offer in March.
Rainfall
As March progresses, you'll find yourself in the midst of a wetter season, with rain often falling throughout the day. The dampness levels in Spain during this time are higher than average and you may find yourself soaked in rain more often than not. Sun protection is key during this time, as the rainy weather may be unexpected or abundant in some areas. Make sure to bring an umbrella and raincoat if you're traveling in Spain during March.
The average amount of rainfall in Spain during March is about 85 mm. While this is low compared to other countries, it's still higher than the average for other months of the year. The rain can be quite heavy and short-lived, often accompanied by thunderstorms.
The northern part of Spain can experience more rainfall than the southern part. In Spain, March marks the beginning of the wet season and is typically one of the rainiest months of the year. It's important to be prepared for the rain and the sudden changes in weather. Make sure to check the weather forecast ahead of time to ensure that you're prepared for the wet and rainy days that come with March.
Sunsets
Gaze out at the horizon and marvel at the beautiful sunsets during this time of year; they're sure to leave you feeling relaxed and content.
During the month of March in Spain, the sunsets take on a unique character. The sun will dip below the horizon, creating a deep orange-yellow color that will fill the sky and light up the countryside.
This is the perfect time to take a stroll along the beach, visiting beach bars or swimming spots and soaking in the atmosphere.
The colors of the sunset will be enhanced by the reflection of the sun on the ocean. This creates a dazzling effect that will captivate all onlookers. The sky will become a mix of deep oranges, blues, and purples. It's a sight to behold and one that will leave you feeling relaxed and inspired.
As the sun sets, the air will become cooler and the night will begin to set in.
The beauty of the Spanish sunset in March is something that is hard to describe. The warm colors, the cool breeze, and the feeling of being surrounded by nature are all part of the experience. Whether you're out for a walk or just sitting and watching the sunset, you'll find yourself captivated by the beauty of the sky.
Activities to Enjoy
Sunsets in March offer plenty of activities to enjoy, with many beach bars and swimming spots to explore. On average, the sun sets at 8:00 PM in the evening, providing plenty of time to take in the stunning views.
A great way to explore the beauty of the Spanish coast is to take a leisurely beach walk or explore some of the many hiking trails in the area. The Mediterranean climate in Spain makes March an ideal time for outdoor activities, and the warm, sunny days provide perfect conditions for a relaxing stroll or challenging hike.
A variety of beach bars line the coastline, offering a chance to enjoy a refreshing drink while watching the sun set over the horizon. Many of these bars offer evening entertainment, with live music, comedy shows and other events, providing a great chance to mingle with locals and enjoy the atmosphere of the Spanish coast.
For those looking for something a bit more active, many swimming spots are available along the coast, offering a chance to cool down after a long day of exploring. The stunning sunsets in March in Spain provide an unforgettable experience that can be enjoyed in a variety of ways.
Whether you choose to explore the coastline on foot, take a dip in the Mediterranean Sea, or just relax with a drink at a beach bar, you're sure to create lasting memories of your time in Spain.
Clothing to Pack
When packing for your trip to Spain in March, it's important to bring clothing that can keep you comfortable in the warm Mediterranean climate.
The daytime temperatures are generally quite mild, ranging from highs of around 18 degrees Celsius (64 degrees Fahrenheit) to lows of around 11 degrees Celsius (52 degrees Fahrenheit). However, for daytime sightseeing and beach walks, it's best to bring light, breathable clothing like shorts, t-shirts, and sandals, as well as a light jacket or sweater for cooler days.
Rain is also a factor to consider when packing for a trip to Spain in March. The amount of rain varies depending on the region, but it's generally light, with most areas receiving just a few centimeters of rain each month.
A waterproof jacket or raincoat is a must, as well as a pair of waterproof shoes, just in case you're caught in a sudden shower.
It's also important to bring a hat and sunglasses to protect yourself from the sun. The sun in Spain is quite strong, even in March, so it's best to be prepared to protect yourself from it.
Light, breathable fabrics are ideal for protection from the sun, and a wide-brimmed hat can help keep the sun off your face.
Safety Tips
To ensure you have a safe and enjoyable trip to Spain in March, it's important to keep safety in mind. With longer days and changing tides, there are a few safety tips to keep in mind while visiting Spain in March:
Familiarize yourself with the local language. Knowing some basic phrases like 'Please,' 'Thank You,' and 'Where is the nearest hospital/police station?' can help you get around more easily and understand the culture better.
Avoid walking alone at night. If you're out late, it's best to stay in a group and be aware of your surroundings.
Do your research before visiting a new city or area. Knowing the local laws and customs can help you avoid any potential trouble.
Be mindful of pick-pockets. Be aware of your belongings and keep your wallet and other valuable items close to you.
This is especially important when taking public transportation or visiting crowded places. It's also wise to keep your documents and passport in a safe place, such as a hotel safe or locker.
By following these safety tips, you can make sure that your trip to Spain in March is both safe and enjoyable.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the best time of day to enjoy the outdoors in Spain in March?
We recommend visiting Spain in March for the perfect outdoor experience. Whether you're looking to ski at one of the many resorts or tour a winery, the best time of day to enjoy the outdoors is just after sunrise.
The crisp morning air and natural beauty of the countryside create a stunning backdrop for any outdoor activity. Plus, you'll beat the crowds and the midday heat, making for a more enjoyable experience.
Are there any popular festivals or events taking place in Spain in March?
March is a great time to visit Spain, as it's the month of many festivals and events.
Food markets come alive with local produce and traditional Spanish dishes, while music festivals showcase the vibrant culture and sounds of the country.
Whether you're looking for a traditional experience or something a little different, there's something for everyone.
From Flamenco in Seville to the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, you can explore a range of attractions and events.
Spain is also the perfect place to enjoy the outdoors, with warm weather and clear blue skies making it a great destination for sightseeing and relaxation.
If you're planning a trip, March is definitely the time to go!
Are there any popular beaches or coastal towns to visit in March?
We've all heard of the Mediterranean climate that Spain enjoys, but what about its beaches and coastal towns in March?
With an anachronistic blend of sun and showers, there's plenty to explore. Rainfall levels can vary, so it pays to be prepared with appropriate clothing, but that doesn't mean you can't have a great day at the beach.
Whether you're looking for a quiet stroll along the beach or a wild night out, there are plenty of stunning coastal towns to explore in Spain.
With plenty of research and knowledge, you can choose the perfect spot for your March getaway.
Is the Spanish cuisine different in March than other months?
When it comes to the traditional Spanish cuisine, March is an interesting month.
Many local ingredients are in season, such as artichoke, asparagus, and strawberries. This makes for a unique variety of dishes that may not be available in other months.
Additionally, March is a great time for wine tasting in Spain. The mild temperatures make it the perfect season to try some of the country's best wines.
With the right local ingredients and delicious beverages, there's no doubt that Spanish cuisine in March is a truly rewarding experience.
Are there any special discounts or deals for tourists in March?
We've got some great news for travelers looking to visit Spain in March!
There are a number of discounts and package offers to be had, so you can enjoy the country without breaking the bank.
Airlines often have special airfare deals during this time of the year, so be sure to keep an eye out for those.
If you're looking for a package offer, there are plenty of hotels and tour companies that provide discounts, so it pays to do your research.
To sweeten the pot, you can also find plenty of idiom-filled experiences that are unique to this season, so don't miss out!
Conclusion
We've learned that March in Spain is a great time to visit.
The average temperatures are comfortable, there's plenty of hours of daylight, and the sunsets are breathtaking.
The rainfall is minimal, so you can make the most of the activities available.
You'll want to pack light clothing and remember a few safety tips to ensure your trip is enjoyable.
Overall, March in Spain is an experience you won't want to miss.
It's a magical month that will leave you feeling awe-struck and wanting more.
From the beauty of the sunsets to the comfort of the temperatures, it's an experience that will stay with you forever.
Truly, it's an unforgettable journey that will make you feel like you're living in a fairytale.

Things To Do In Tangier Morocco in 2024
We're here to tell you about the amazing Things To Do In Tangier Morocco.
From exploring its bustling medina and shopping at the Souk el Khemis to taking a day trip to the Caves of Hercules and touring the American Legation Museum, there is something for everyone!
Whether you're looking for culture and history or a relaxing beach day, Tangier has it all.
You'll never be bored as there are so many unique activities to keep you busy during your stay.
So put on your walking shoes, grab a map, and let's explore what this city has to offer!
Exploring the Medina of Tangier
A trip to Tangier wouldn't be complete without exploring its historic medina, a vibrant hub of culture and activity teeming with captivating sights.
Strolling through the narrow, winding streets is a must-do; as you make your way, take in the colorful shopfronts selling everything from spices to souvenirs.
Sample some of the street food vendors hawking their traditional Moroccan dishes or pick up some freshly squeezed orange juice for an energizing snack.
Once you've filled up on delicious food and drinks, explore the bustling marketplaces full of lively locals trading goods and services.
Afterwards, get ready for a night out!
The medina's nightlife scene is renowned throughout Morocco; discover hidden bars tucked away in secret alleyways or join in on the dancing at one of the local clubs.
As you make your way through the medina late at night, keep an eye out for any special events that might be happening – you never know what kind of incredible experiences await!
No matter how long you visit Tangier, spending time in its fascinating medina is sure to leave lasting memories – it's truly an experience like no other.
From sampling street food to immersing yourself in its bustling nightlife scene, there are plenty of ways to fill your days and nights here.
Don't forget to capture some photos along the way – they'll be treasured reminders when reminiscing about this amazing destination later on!
Visiting the Kasbah Museum
Visiting the Kasbah Museum provides a unique opportunity to explore Morocco's rich cultural history, like learning about Mohamed Abou Ali Ben Abdallah - the founder of Tangier. As we wander through the museum, admiring its architecture, we get a glimpse of how Tangier was before and learn more about its beginnings.
We can also taste some local cuisine in nearby restaurants or cafes after exploring the museum which is an interesting way to further appreciate Moroccan culture.
The Kasbah Museum is filled with artifacts such as pottery, jewelry from different eras, clothing and traditional musical instruments from all over Morocco. Visitors can admire intricate designs on clothing pieces that were made centuries ago or be fascinated by traditional dishes and hear stories about how they are prepared.
The museum also offers audio tours that provide us with even more information about these ancient relics.
We leave feeling inspired and enriched by our experience at the Kasbah Museum; it has been truly eye-opening for us to learn more about Morocco's cultural heritage in this way.
There is something special here that must be experienced firsthand – a connection between past and present that cannot be found anywhere else in Tangier!
Enjoying the Beach at Cap Spartel
Taking in the breathtaking views of Cap Spartel's beach is sure to take your breath away! Located at the northernmost point of Africa, this beach offers a truly unique experience.
Here are just some of the things you can enjoy while visiting:
Admiring sunsets: Whether you're relaxing on the shore or taking a peaceful stroll along the beach, be sure to take some time to admire the stunning colors of Morocco's setting sun.
Tasting seafood: With its proximity to both Tangier and Spain, Cap Spartel offers an unbeatable selection of freshly-caught seafood that will tantalize your taste buds.
Taking a dip in the ocean: Enjoy swimming and snorkeling among crystal clear waters for an unforgettable experience during your visit.
Shopping for souvenirs: Explore local markets and shops along Cap Spartel's shoreline for unique items to bring home as mementos of your trip.
Exploring nearby attractions: The lighthouse at Cape Spartel is one of many historical sites within easy reach from this beautiful beach.
No matter what type of activities you prefer while on vacation, there's something special waiting for you at Cap Spartel Beach. From admiring awe-inspiring sunsets to tasting delicious seafood dishes or simply enjoying some restful relaxation by the sea, make sure not to miss out on all this amazing destination has to offer!
Taking a Day Trip to the Caves of Hercules
Located just 10km from the beach at Cap Spartel, the Caves of Hercules offer a captivating glimpse into ancient history - with over 6 million visitors each year!
The caves have been used for religious ceremonies and were once believed to be the entrance to an underground world. They are also known for their spectacular views overlooking Tangier Bay.
When visiting the Caves of Hercules, we highly recommend taking a boat tour around them. This is a great way to get close up views of their impressive cliffs and rocky landscape while learning how they have shaped Morocco's culture and history.
On these tours, you can even spot some wildlife such as dolphins and sea lions! You'll also pass by restaurants where you can stop to enjoy some delicious local cuisine.
Visiting the Caves of Hercules is a must-do when in Tangier Morocco – it's an experience that will stay with you forever. Whether it's on one of the many boat tours or simply admiring them from afar, this historical site will surely leave you awe-struck.
So, grab your camera and get ready for an unforgettable adventure!
Shopping at the Souk el Khemis
Experience a unique shopping adventure at Souk el Khemis and immerse yourself in the vibrant atmosphere of this traditional marketplace!
Located in Tangier, Morocco, Souk el Khemis is the perfect place to experience the hustle and bustle of local markets.
Here you can find everything from spices, clothing, jewelry, and handmade crafts to Morrocan-style furniture.
Bargaining is an essential part of the shopping experience here - just make sure you're respectful and keep your cool when negotiating prices with shopkeepers.
It's important to remember that cultural differences should be taken into account when bargaining tips too; never bargain too aggressively or try to take advantage of someone.
Take some time to wander around this bustling market and soak up all its colors and sounds - it's a great way to get a feel for life in Tangier.
Sample some street food as you explore the different stalls or exchange conversation with friendly locals as you browse through their wares.
The market itself has been operating since at least 1904 so there's plenty of history here too which makes it even more interesting!
Whether you're looking for souvenirs from your trip or something special for yourself, Souk el Khemis will have what you need.
A visit to Souk el Khemis is essential for any traveler looking to get an authentic taste of Moroccan culture.
Spend some time discovering all the goods on offer here; no matter what items catch your eye at this lively open-air bazaar, it's sure to be a memorable experience!
Touring the American Legation Museum
Discover the fascinating story of American-Moroccan relations at the American Legation Museum, and journey through time as you explore its incredible artifacts!
Located in the heart of Tangier's old medina, this museum is housed in an imposing 19th century building that was originally built to be a diplomatic mission. Admire its grand architecture as you step into a unique part of Morocco's history.
The museum does an excellent job of highlighting the important role that the United States has played in Moroccan culture over the past two centuries. Explore two floors of exhibits featuring photographs, documents, and objects related to this relationship between Morocco and America.
Get a better understanding about how modern-day Tangier is connected to its past by learning about events such as Muhammad V’s visit to Washington D.C., the US Navy’s presence in Tangier during World War II, and more.
Get even closer to local life by tasting some delicious Moroccan cuisine nearby or visiting some traditional shops! The American Legation Museum offers a truly unique experience for visitors seeking insight into Morocco’s long-standing relationship with America.
It provides an opportunity to gain knowledge about events that have shaped both countries' histories while admiring beautiful architecture and tasting local cuisine! Don't miss out on this incredible opportunity while visiting Tangier - it's sure to be one you won't forget!
Exploring the Ruins of Volubilis
Immerse yourself in history and explore the ruins of Volubilis like a time traveler, with its ancient stones standing as silent sentinels of the past.
Located near Meknes in north-central Morocco, this archaeological site offers an unparalleled opportunity to experience culture and discover history.
Wander around and your gaze will be drawn to impressive structures such as the basilica, triumphal arch, and forum, all covered with intricate mosaics depicting scenes from Greek mythology. Though many of these have been damaged over the centuries by earthquakes or looters, they still provide a fascinating insight into life during Roman times.
In addition to the grandeur of its ruins, Volubilis holds some other secrets too; it's home to several unique species of plants that aren't found anywhere else in North Africa.
As you wander through the olive groves and palm trees, keep an eye out for lilies called 'thousand flowers', a type of wild iris which blooms between April and May each year. The sight is truly magnificent!
Volubilis may not be as large or well-preserved as some other historical sites in Morocco, but it certainly deserves a visit for those interested in discovering more about this nation's past.
From its glorious monuments to its flora and fauna – there's something here for everyone who loves learning about ancient cultures!
Frequently Asked Questions
Is it safe to travel to Tangier?
We've all heard the warnings about traveling to Morocco, but is it really safe to explore Tangier solo?
The truth is, if you take a few simple precautions and use your common sense, you'll find that Tangier is an incredibly safe city with tons of nightlife options.
From traditional Moroccan entertainment like belly dancing and live music performances to bustling night markets offering delicious street food and unique souvenirs, there's something for everyone.
You can even enjoy a romantic dinner cruise along the waterfront!
In short, Tangier may be steeped in culture and history, but it's also one of the safest cities in Morocco - perfect for exploring on your own.
What are the best restaurants in Tangier?
Exploring the cuisine of Tangier is an exciting way to experience the city! There are plenty of great restaurants in this Moroccan city. From local flavors to classic dishes, some of our favorites include:
Restaurant Dar Naji for its delicious tagines
Le Petit Poucet for its traditional couscous
La Porte Bleue for its fresh seafood
Whether you're looking for a quick bite or a full-blown feast, these eateries will provide an unforgettable culinary experience.
Is there public transportation available in Tangier?
We're exploring the options for public transportation in Tangier, and it's like taking a journey through time.
From sightseeing tours to traditional taxis, there's something for everyone looking to get around this city. Whether you're looking for an efficient way of getting from place to place or simply want to take in some of the sights, public transportation in Tangier offers plenty of choices.
The city's bus system is extensive, with routes that span across the city and beyond. Taxis are also available, offering traditional methods of transport which provide an authentic experience as you explore the city.
For those who don't mind walking or cycling, there are plenty of pathways throughout the area perfect for sightseeing tours - allowing you to really make the most of your trip!
Are there any cultural events or festivals held in Tangier?
When visiting Tangier, there are plenty of cultural events and festivals to experience!
From sightseeing tours to harbor cruises, you can immerse yourself in the beauty and energy of this vibrant city.
Notable events include the International Festival of Mediterranean Music which celebrates local musical culture and welcomes international talent, as well as the Marathon des Alpes Maritimes which takes place between Tangier and Asilah.
Additionally, during Ramadan there's a special night market where locals gather for shopping, food stalls, music performances and more.
No matter when you visit Tangier, you'll find something exciting to experience!
What is the best time of year to visit Tangier?
We're always looking for the perfect time to explore Tangier's rich culture and stunning beaches.
From January to April, temperatures range from mild to warm, providing the ideal opportunity for visiting medinas and exploring the city's vibrant atmosphere. The days are bright and sunny, while evenings are filled with starry nights perfect for stargazing.
In addition, summer months bring plenty of sunshine during the day and cooler evenings that make sightseeing a pleasure.
No matter what time of year you choose to visit Tangier, you'll be sure to have an unforgettable experience!
Conclusion
We've certainly had an unforgettable time exploring Tangier. From the Kasbah Museum to the Souk el Khemis, there's so much to see and do here.
Even though we didn't get to explore everything this trip, we still feel like we got a good taste of what the city has to offer.
We were surprised by how much history was lurking around every corner - it truly is an ironic juxtaposition of ancient ruins and modern life.
All in all, spending time in Tangier has been a fantastic experience that we won't soon forget!

I bought the car all the way back in 2019, back then it was 10 years old, 2009 model. However we didn't get to drive her much because of the lock down, and then I moved out and my father wasn't interested in driving the car.
Fast forward to a while later I was going on trip with my siblings and met a small accident nothing major was damaged just some scratches and 2 small dents. An electric auto took a sudden U turn The car was repaired and painted.
There's nothing wrong with the car itself, like the centre inclinometer stopped working somehow and temperature reading on thermometer is inaccurate.
The major con is my father being busy and a bit forgetful as well as irresponsible, didn't get the car transferred.
I want to sell it, so does my father. However, I want to get the transfer and the other hiccups of the car ironed out before selling. Should I do it? Or just sell it as is? How do I get it transferred and such what are my options
Also if you want to buy the car, it's been driven 200,000km, the engine runs really smooth despite the mileage. And has been regularly serviced. I'm expecting 3.5 lakh rupees for this.

Tin of Kaldi Sardines in Olive Oil. Bought this from a Kaldi Outlet in Japan - they are a Japanese grocer specialising in imported stuff. Back of tin says they are from Spain.
I had this tin before and liked it for its simplicity. Clean tasting sardines in olive oil, mild and easy to eat right out of the tin. Trying it on rice cakes.. I have to stay away from wheat/gluten so no more sardine sandwiches or fish on Wasa for me. The rice cakes went well with the sardines. At least i found a replacement for Wasa crisp bread.
Thanks to all the friends here who gave good ideas for gluten free carb base.

I don’t understand how to find the answer, if someone could help I appreciate it thanks

Charles Edward Merriam, the 37th President of the United States, Official Presidential Portrait
The Poisoned Chalice
Upon taking the presidential oath of office after the resignation of President Alvin York, Charles Edward Merriam found himself at the helm of a rudderless ship. Civil unrest was at an all-time high due to mass protests against York’s preemptive nuclear strike and large-scale labor strikes, much of the cabinet had been left vacant by a wave of resignations following York’s controversial decision not to consult his own advisors on the decision, and an already uneasy economy had been thrown into chaos by the total obliteration of a major trading partner. Even the sky itself had visibly darkened while global temperatures dropped, bringing about cries of the end times being visited upon Earth for man’s folly. In this moment of national crisis, Merriam took to the airwaves with a radio address to the American people asking them to unite with him in a national effort for the first 100 days of his presidency to right the course of the country amidst the national crisis.
Moving with alacrity to fill the vacancies within his cabinet and bring his administration into full gear, Merriam leaned upon his network of academic contacts to appoint a ring of economic, industrial, and social science experts — Jacob Viner, Bessie Louise Pierce, George W. Taylor, and Leo Wolman — into several key cabinet positions. Similarly, rather than appoint a political operative as his Secretary of State or War, he instead chose to elevate career diplomat and acting Secretary of State Joseph Grew into his position permanently while promoting War Department General Counsel William Marbury Jr. to be Secretary of War. Finding both Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal and Secretary of Agriculture John Marvin Jones to be highly competent and sufficiently disentangled from the chaos of the York administration, Merriam requested that the pair remain in their positions. However, Postmaster General Thomas Perkins Henderson would not be so lucky, as Merriam distrusted his close ties to President York and felt the office was wracked by cronyism, thus requesting his immediate resignation to be replaced with former Louisiana Governor and highly regarded reformist Sam H. Jones. To round out his cabinet, Merriam appointed California Governor Earl Warren as his Attorney General due to Warren’s wealth of experience in suppressing syndicalist insurrectionists in his home state, as well as Delaware Senator and businessman J. Allen Frear to manage the Department of the Interior with an eye towards economizing a bloated department.
​
Secretary of State Joseph Grew, a defining member of the Merriam administration with his foreign policy expertise during the world’s darkest hour.
Calming a Roiling Sea
Believing that anxiety surrounding a national economy plagued by boundless problems was at the root of the national malaise that might yet inspire a resurgence of syndicalism, Merriam quickly moved to restore confidence for both consumers and businesses. As a first step to move past the combative relationships that President Hughes and York held with organized labor, Merriam invited newly minted American Federation of Labor President George Meany for a symbolic meeting to discuss labor issues and establish an informal political alliance to raise wages and working standards as a means to settle the persistent labor unrest. Thus, President Merriam and his Secretary of Labor George W. Taylor began applying the National Labor Arbitration Act to settle hundreds of strikes across the country resulting in a moderate nationwide increase in wage levels and the proliferation of employer-provided healthcare as a commonly provided benefit. Taylor even proved successful in earning the begrudging respect of Congress of Industrial Organizations President Walter Reuther’s respect despite the organization’s more explicitly confrontational approach to industrial relations.
Despite this success in the application of labor arbitration, Merriam’s ambition of comprehensive legislation to establish a formal system of corporatist economic structures was repeatedly frustrated by the inability to secure enough bipartisan support in the House of Representatives to pass several successive iterations of his proposals. Yet as a longtime proponent of executive power, Merriam was not entirely thwarted by this setback and notably issued an Executive Order forming the Office of National Research headed by MIT President Karl T. Compton and complemented by a number of figures in both the natural and social sciences to direct national research efforts towards answering pressing questions of the new atomic age. Perhaps the most significant of its achievements were the pioneering of new sanitation, public health, and antibiotic techniques to finally stamp out the bubonic plague epidemic that had persisted since the initial Japanese bioweapon attack. Furthermore, Speaker of the House Wright Patman was successful in passing a budget through the House substantially scaling back wartime spending and taxation in light of the transition of the United States military from a combat force to an occupation force abroad. Anticipating a corresponding decrease in inflation, Merriam worked with his Secretary of Commerce Leo Wolman to begin the process of relieving wartime price controls that had remained in place throughout the York administration while encouraging the development of private industrial codes of conduct for businesses to self-regulate prices.
​
A wartime propaganda poster supporting labor arbitration that continued distribution under the Merriam presidency.
Sewing A Tattered World
America was not the only country suffering in the aftermath of the Second World War. The decade-long war had wreaked havoc upon the entire world and left entire nations virtually leveled by bombs and depleted of their resources. American efforts at international reconstruction had been haphazard and largely left in the hands of private charities during the York administration, much to the consternation of its allies and the occupied peoples. Thus, out of a mixture of humanitarian reasons, a desire to restore America’s international reputation, and a calculation that such destruction could breed communist movements such as the syndicalist revolt that had embroiled the United States, Secretary of State Joseph Grew proposed a much more ambitious plan that would soon bear his name. With the strong support of President Merriam, Congress earmarked a staggering $15 billion with wide bipartisan support to be distributed to European governments for necessary imports of food and basic materials from the United States as well as for industrial investments to rebuild the European economy. An ancillary fund was likewise also established to support the reconstruction of China, which had been ravaged by brutal warfare with Imperial Japan. As a committed supporter of free trade, President Merriam also used the leverage of the Grew Plan to compel the recipients of the funding to lower trade barriers between one another and with the United States in order to stimulate international trade. The sole major holdout would be the United Kingdom, where Prime Minister Aneurin Bevan remained committed to an autarkic system of steep trade barriers outside the Imperial system since the country had suffered far less damage than its peers in the Second World War.
Another guiding principle of President Merriam’s approach to international reconstruction would be a wide-ranging program of technical assistance. With the country’s decades-long commitment to widely available public education and a sophisticated network of universities engaged in industrial research, the American economy had come to be regarded as the most technologically advanced in the entire world. Already under President Dewey, the United States had begun programs of sharing its technical expertise in production methods and industrial organization to China and the countries of Latin America. Thus, Merriam’s formalization of an Office for Technical Assistance under the Department of State was an extension of an already well-established practice. With support from personnel and agencies in the Departments of Labor and Commerce, the Office of Technical Assistance undertook a wide-ranging and sophisticated statistical analysis of European industries to identify weaknesses in productivity while arranging for large-scale observation visits by European industrial leaders as well as the collation and distribution of technical literature in order to disseminate best practices across continents. Following the initial success of the program in Europe over the first months of his term, Merriam proceeded with an extension of the program to developing nations in the Middle East and South Asia in order to modernize their economies as well.
​
A meeting of Grew Plan information chiefs in the American Embassy in France.
Year Without Summer
While atomic weapons had been deployed several times throughout the Second World War to destroy French, Russian, and Japanese cities, they had never been used on the scale ordered by President Alvin York to destroy the German Empire. As a result of the simultaneous destruction of dozens of German cities in fiery infernos, the atmosphere of the planet itself became choked by a layer of ash and soot that demonstrably lowered global temperatures in the following months. With the effect coined as a “nuclear winter” by British chemist Samuel Glasstone, a world food supply already challenged by the disruptions of war experienced a dramatic shortfall in agricultural production sending many war-ravaged areas teetering into famine. However, this presented a unique opportunity for the United States, which had for decades struggled with chronic overproduction of agricultural products causing dim economic prospects for the nation’s farmers. Now, there was a ready market for the surplus in the United States that persisted even through the nuclear winter.
Though European governments were already using their Grew Plan funds to import American food products in large amounts, Secretary of Agriculture John Marvin Jones was determined to employ the powers of the federal government in assistance of this shift. Backed by a series of executive orders from President Merriam, Jones vastly expanded the neglected Populist-era Sub-Treasury system to grant easy credit and storage solutions to farmers who lacked sufficient capital to take advantage of the vastly increased demand for their product while also using wartime legislation to purchase eroded land for its rehabilitation and resale for food production by government experts. Much like the rest of the executive branch, at Merriam’s direction the Department of Agriculture also leaned into partnerships with dozens of agricultural colleges spread throughout the United States to collect and publish a corpus of literature on improved farming practices and fertilizer production techniques to further stimulate production.
​
Electrical lines going up on a rural farm as part of a program pioneered by Secretary of Agriculture John Marvin Jones to further develop American agriculture.
New World Order
Having earned widespread popularity among the American public for his statesmanship at home and thus leaving the November elections with a decisive popular mandate, Merriam turned to the pressing issue of foreign affairs in the latter half of his term. In the chaos of the Second World War and its immediate aftermath, the powers of the Grand Alliance had failed to conclusively agree on the structures of the post-war world. Even after the destruction of the German Empire, which had been the largest obstacle in the effort to conclude new international agreements, debate raged on what form these would take as the world federalist movement took root across the globe. In order to lay the foundation of future global cooperation, Merriam began by reviving the institutions of the Hague Treaty that had been rendered inoperative by the withdrawal of participation by several countries and subsequent outbreak of the Second World War. While the Permanent Court of International Arbitration would be restored largely unchanged from its original construction, the International Monetary Fund would be greatly transformed due to President Merriam’s influential support for John Maynard Keynes’s proposal to formulate a supranational currency called “bancor” to be the unit of account for an International Clearing Union tasked with regulating international trade.
While many nationalists and isolationists decried Merriam’s move towards the internationalization of monetary policy, the circle of Atlanticists within the party led by Vice President Edward J. Meeman was urging him to go even further towards world government. Compelled by a promise made to the Atlanticist faction during his party’s National Convention, President Merriam authorized the summoning of an international conference to discuss the concept of an Atlantic Union between the western democratic countries of the world. However, where many expected that Merriam might appoint a coterie of apathetic diplomats to undermine the movement, the President instead shockingly sent a delegation filled with committed Atlanticists led by New York Senator Grenville Clark, Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver, and the proposal’s first author Clarence Streit to Brussels for the conference, much to the outrage of opponents of world federalism within his party. After weeks spent deliberating the minutiae of the Atlantic Union, the conference emerged just before the holiday season with a proposed constitution and hundreds of pages of documentation surrounding the historical precedents and contemporary reasoning behind the proposal to electrify the debate surrounding a world government.
​
A Time Magazine feature of Clarence Streit, one of the leading theorists behind the Atlantic Union proposal.
God’s Instrument or War Criminal?
The most controversial question hanging over the term of President Charles Edward Merriam was the fate of former President Alvin York. To many Americans, York had committed a crime against humanity comparable to those against which they had fought against for a decade and the incident ignited a debate surrounding presidential authority to deploy nuclear weapons. Throughout the initial months of his presidency, Merriam dodged questions surrounding the President and declined to make substantial public comment aside from occasional suggestions that the President had sole command over the United States military. At Merriam’s private urging, Speaker of the House Wright Patman also squashed suggestions that a President could still be impeached after leaving office. Likewise, Merriam directed the Justice Department not to open a federal prosecution against York and thus leaving the ailing former President’s case in legal limbo. Speaking out more strongly after his successful reelection campaign, Merriam clarified that while he found the act personally abhorrent it remained a legal exercise of the President’s powers as commander-in-chief and that as the victims were nationals of another country there was no basis for either a prosecution or a pardon in the name of crimes against the United States.
Beyond just the conduct of the President himself, the atomic bombing of Germany brought with it new concern around the governance of nuclear weapons. Believing that tight-lipped military control over nuclear weapons under wartime authority was a large factor in York’s ability to unilaterally strike Germany, the Senate’s sole independent Brien McMahon led the charge to place nuclear weapons and energy development under the control of an independent civilian commission appointed by both the President and the legislative officers. Though his bill died in committee, it inspired the Federalist Reform Party to counter with their own bill introduced by Kentucky Senator Andrew J. May replacing McMahon’s proposed commission with a board to be dominated by military officers exclusively appointed by the President. While the Federalist Reform majority in the Senate quickly passed the May bill over an attempted filibuster by McMahon, the bill came to a screeching halt in the House of Representatives where the opposition parties unified to fiercely oppose its passage. With Congress at an impasse, President Merriam issued executive orders continuing the status quo of the wartime project board that had been initiated by President Howard Hughes.
​
Independent Connecticut Senator Brien McMahon, who took leadership of the fight for civilian control over nuclear energy
​
Note: Not strictly bound by Merriam’s term, the following sections are meant to summarize the state of the world after the conclusion of the Second World War.
The Red Stars of Europe
Throughout the decade-spanning Second World War, the United Kingdom had been under the leadership of Conservative Prime Minister Duff Cooper. In order to maintain control against the irascible anti-war opposition led by Labour’s Oswald Mosley, Cooper had resorted to the royal authority of King Edward VIII to unilaterally bring the country into the war and cancel elections throughout its duration. While he had been successful in prosecuting the war to victory and securing the downfall of Mosley’s control over the Labour Party, when Cooper was finally forced to call elections at the war’s end he found voters profoundly unsympathetic to his accomplishments and his Tory government was defeated in a staggering landslide by the Labour Party. Thus, King Edward was reluctantly forced to appoint the Labour Party leader, Aneurin “Nye” Bevan, as the Prime Minister of the country. As an ally to former party leader Oswald Mosley, Bevan quickly embarked on the domestic implementation of the “Mosley Memorandum” to nationalize wide stretches of the British economy while also pursuing a massive expansion of the British welfare state. Following the atomic bombing of the German Empire, Bevan forcefully attacked the wanton use of weapons of mass destruction in a surprise attack and relations remained frosty even after York’s resignation as President Merriam cut off the United Kingdom from any knowledge sharing regarding nuclear power and weaponry.
Yet even the radicalism of Nye Bevan paled in comparison to that of the Spanish Republic, where a blossoming social and economic revolution was years underway. Following the victory of the leftist Republic against Nationalist forces in the country’s civil war, thanks in no small part to the decisive support of President Frank J. Hayes, agriculture was rapidly collectivized by the Spanish government while a combination of state support and syndicalist initiative led to over 75% of the industrial economy being brought under worker control. Taking inspiration from the writings and political efforts of American President John Dewey, the Spanish also imported many of his principles of progressive child-centric education while undertaking the community construction of centers of adult learning woven into forums of political debate. However, standing in stark contrast to the system of government on the mainland would be the so-called “Spanish State” existing in Spain’s African colonies. With their heavy conservative military presence, the colonies had formed a powerbase for the Spanish Nationalists and thus served as a natural place of refuge after their defeat in the war, while the socialist Republican government held little interest in reconquering a system of colonies that it found morally repugnant. Thus, the colonies became the host of a rival government and ruthless colonial state that came under the leadership of Falangist Agustin Aznar after he successfully orchestrated the murder of his political rivals to become the Jefe Nacional.
​
Prime Minister Aneurin Bevan of the United Kingdom, the sole power offering a serious challenge to American hegemony over the post-war world.
Integralism Lives?
After the surrenders of the Kingdoms of France and Italy during the Second World War, the Allied powers were too pressed for manpower in their colossal struggle against Russia and Japan in the East to administer a full military occupation. Thus, instead the administration of Howard Hughes accepted the continuation of their governments so long as they cooperated with American occupation authorities. As a result, Italian Integralism and its monarchy would continue under the auspices of General Pietro Badoglio who was vested by King Victor Emmanuel III and the Grand Council of Fascism as Italy’s new prime minister after the downfall of Benito Mussolini. However, Badoglio’s position would become increasingly unstable after the large-scale effort of the German Empire to fund and arm leftist Italian insurgents and increasingly dependent upon the United States occupation forces for support to avert their overthrow. While France would likewise retain its newly crowned King Henri VI, his political strategy would be markedly different from that of the Italians. Believing that the monarchist right would have no choice but to support him, Henri appointed socialist Vincent Auriol as his Prime Minister and issued a new liberal constitution to endear the political left to him as well. Final peace treaties with both countries, forced to be renegotiated after the destruction of the German Empire, would not yet be concluded by the end of President Merriam’s first term though the recognition of separatist movements in Brittany and Corsica was viewed as an implicit precondition by the American government.
As the political and military leadership of the German Empire had been devastated by the atomic bombings, the continuance of the Kaiserreich was not only seen as undesirable by President Alvin York but also simply impractical. Although York would not be able to oversee the country past its initial occupation, President Merriam held much the same opinion and negotiated the de jure abolition of the German Empire alongside the British and divided the country into two zones of occupation. Though relying on the expertise of the limited number of German experts who were both still alive and willing to cooperate with the occupation authorities, much of the day-to-day administration of the occupation zones would be carried out by the military forces of the occupying powers. Yet while the occupying forces made great strides in repairing the utterly destroyed nations and stabilizing its food supply, the occupation faced never before seen challenges with enormous incidence rates of cancer and a newly identified “atomic bomb disease” with poorly understood symptoms and little understanding of its treatment.
​
King Henri and Queen Isabelle of France, wearing a more austere style in an appeal to the French working class.
Blood Tide of the East
After Russia’s humiliating defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1934-1935, the country slipped into a dark period of brutal dictatorship at the hands of Anastasy Vonsyatsky and Ivan Solonevich. Yet few could have imagined that the horror could grow worse. The employment of strategic bombing against its crucial oil supply, the nuclear bombing of several of its cities, and worst of all an enormous anthrax attack targeted at its food supply caused the disintegration of Russia into famine and anarchy. As the powers of the Grand Alliance had declared victory and withdrew their troops from active fighting upon the surrender of Andrew Vlasov’s warlord band to western forces, the turmoil in Russia remained raging throughout President Merriam’s term with little outside intervention. Forces ranged from the claimed Romanov regent Mikhail Drozdovsky to the classical Integralist Boris Savinkov to the bloodthirsty racialist Bronislav Kaminski and dozens more in between fighting for the desiccated scraps of the once mighty country.
Ever vigilant on the frontier of this anarchy was the Reichskommissariat Muskowien, the former German puppet state instated by the Kaiser to facilitate the colonization of occupied Russian lands by German settlers. After its Reichskommissar was killed during the nuclear attack while visiting Berlin, his secretary Erich Koch seized control alongside a junta of military officers proclaiming the Reichskommissariat as a haven for the German people and embarking on a program of ethnic cleansing of the local Slavic population. Fearing that a military response would not only require another costly and unpopular war in Europe but also embroil the United States in the Russian frontier, President Merriam opted to continue the York administration’s position of withholding recognition from the Reichskommissariat while instead extending American influence in Eastern Europe under the auspices of his newly formed Office of Strategic Services.
With the German puppet governments in the Baltics, Poland, and Ukraine deeply unpopular and dependent on German support, their governments quickly collapsed under American and British influence leading to the establishment of new governments in each of the nations. Taking inspiration from the British program to unify the three Baltic nations under a single Baltic Union, President Merriam undertook a nation-building program of his own to attempt to unify Poland, Ukraine, and Romania into a single federation. However, the project remained stalled throughout his term due to a lack of enthusiasm from the member countries. Meanwhile, in an accord with the countries of the Grand Alliance, President Merriam and Secretary of State Joseph Grew took to settling the geopolitical situation of the Balkans. With the restoration of the Tsardom of Bulgaria already settled and Greece still preoccupied by civil war, the chief question would be the status of the former Triune. Striving for a balance between the competing claims of Austria and Hungary which had spiraled the world into war ten long years before, Grew negotiated the formation of a Danubian Confederation to replace the former Triune with substantial autonomy granted to the Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Hungarian, Croatian, Triestine, and Austrian states composing it but unifying them with a common citizenship and foreign policy.
​
The ruins of what was once a Russian home, a testament to the country’s seemingly interminable anarchy.
Self-Determination For Whom?
Over the course of the Second World War, British and American forces had come to occupy virtually all of the vast continent of Africa and with the end of the war it fell upon them to oversee its fate. With the recent independence of the United States of the Congo under President Alvin York serving as an example, both President Charles Edward Merriam and British Prime Minister Aneurin Bevan were committed to the eventual decolonization of the African continent but they also agreed that the bulk of the diverse African peoples needed further “instruction” on democratic governance and western culture before being granted independence. Thus, the colonial system of rule remained largely unchanged on the continent, though German colonies would be transferred to the United Kingdom as trust territories and French and Italian colonies remained occupied until the settlement of a final peace treaty. The sole exception came in the German colony of Tanganyika, where former German Ambassador to the United Kingdom Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck escaped the destruction of his home in Bremen through a chance visit to his former Askari soldiers and worked with a group of veterans to proclaim a biracial Republic of Tanganyika in the aftermath of the German Empire’s destruction. Recalling Lettow-Vorbeck’s famous guerilla warfare campaign in the First World War, both the United Kingdom and the United States begrudgingly recognized this new African Republic.
Though the British were slow to release their colonies in Africa, the immense pressure building up within India could not be contained any longer as the Indian National Congress refused to tolerate the continuation of the home rule status quo. Thanks in large part to the close personal relationship of Prime Minister Bevan and Indian nationalist leader Jawaharlal Nehru, negotiations proceeded smoothly albeit without significant consultation of Muslim authorities that Nehru had clashed with previously. In the final agreement, India was granted independent Dominion status within the British Empire as a united polity and quickly forced the remaining princely states to comply. Under pressure of a possibly violent revolt in Burma, Bevan also pressed for an act to give independence to the Union of Burma soon thereafter. Even less consent from the colonizing power was required for the Indochinese Federation under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh, which had already successfully cast off both French rule and a later Japanese invasion. Though cautious of Ho Chi Minh’s socialist principles, President Merriam and Secretary Grew remained concerned about the more dangerous Marxist-Hansenist opposition in the country and decided to recognize his leadership to bolster his position against the radicals. This anti-colonialist streak would also extend itself to Indonesia, where American troops were instructed not to turn the country over to the former Dutch colonial administrators and instead support the independence movement to foster a loyal American ally in Southeast Asia.
​
An independence procession in the newly formed Dominion of India.
Democracy in the Far East
Ever since the fateful day in 1939 when the United States declared war upon Japan, the Tiger of the East had become entrenched in the minds of the American people as their mortal enemy. Yet even despite cries for the execution of Emperor Hirohito and the visitation of revenge upon the Japanese people among the public, cooler heads prevailed in the State Department. The initial stages of Japan’s occupation were overseen by President Alvin York, who magnanimously saw Japan as a country that ought to be reformed rather than punished. Pressing for the shattering of its culture of militarism, the installation of structures of democracy, and even the Christianization of the nation, York’s program for the occupation proved massively influential for the future state of the country. Yet it would be President Charles Edward Merriam, eager to draw down United States military commitments, who would finish the process and finalize the treaty with Japan. Among the provisions of the treaty were the independence of Hawaii as a republic under American influence, the annexation of several Pacific islands including the Ryukyu Islands to serve as American naval installations, the placement of the remaining Pacific islands into trust territories, and the total demilitarization of Japan under a democratic system.
The presidency of Tasker H. Bliss had ushered in a special relationship between the United States and China that had persisted for the next twenty years. Yet under President Charles Edward Merriam, it had begun to fray. Upon hearing reports of American aid dollars being embezzled by the Chiang Kai-Shek administration for lavish personal corruption and believing Chiang to be a fundamentally self-interested and unreliable ally, Merriam quickly soured upon the Chinese Premier. Yet with the death of Vice Premier Feng Yuxiang, the opposition to Chiang remained too scattered for there to be any viable alternative. Thus, Merriam began maneuvering to install a set of new East Asian allies to reduce the monolithic power of China in the region. Chief among these was the Republic of Manchuria, which had been declared by a multi-ethnic group of local leaders seeking to avoid Chinese domination and given patronage by both Presidents York and Merriam. A further spite to Chiang would come with President Merriam’s support of the declaration of Taiwanese independence by Lei Chen, as the island had remained occupied by United States Marines after the end of the war. Despite these affronts, tensions between China and the United States were somewhat assuaged by American support for the return of French Yunnan, British Canton, Japanese Fujian, and Japanese Shandong to the Chinese Republic.
​
A woman voting in Japan’s first free and fair elections in decades.
World Revolution, of Two Sorts
During the Great Depression, the Dominion of Newfoundland found itself in total collapse and was forced to surrender its independence back to its colonial overlord in the United Kingdom. Yet the war years remained hard for the Dominion and its people remained deeply unsatisfied with its governmental arrangement. As the concept of the Atlantic Union spread through the world with the impending end of the Second World War, a local movement under the leadership of Chesley Crosbie began preaching for a declaration of independence and subsequent application for United States statehood as a demonstration of support for the Atlanticist concept. Though initially dismissed as a fringe movement, a rapid growth of support led the Atlantic Union Party to carry independence to victory in a 1948 referendum. A subsequent victory in the first elections of the Dominion brought the Atlantic Union Party into power and it made its application for American statehood shortly thereafter. Once again angering the anti-Atlanticist section of the party, President Merriam urged that statehood be introduced as a joint resolution of the House and Senate, which ensured its passage even despite the opposition of a critical bloc of Senators who may have made a regular treaty ratification impossible. Yet a similar attempt at statehood for the island of Sicily would be blocked by Merriam, who argued that the referendum used for its justification was illegitimate due to an opposition boycott.
Long suffering under the neo-colonialism of their former colonial masters in France and a newer clique of German elites dominating the local economy, the nation of Haiti became a hotbed for the ideology of Marxism-Hansenism, which preached a violent and permanent world revolution to secure control of the means of production under the democratic management of the workers. After succeeding in its own revolution to overthrow the capitalist class, Haiti became a haven for Hansenists across the Americas seeking to plot their own revolutions by supporting them with revolutionary praxis, arms, and propaganda. After the outbreak of a revolution in Cuba, President Merriam recognized the threat that Haiti posed to the stability of the Americas and ordered the imposition of trade sanctions to strangle the suspected flow of funds and materiel from American Hansenists to the island. Furthermore, Secretary of State Joseph Grew orchestrated a vote in the International Association of American States to expel revolutionary Haiti from the organization due to its support for world revolution and undermining the government of other member states.
​
Map of the world by the end of President Charles Edward Merriam’s first term in 1949. Credit and many thanks to Some_Pole for helping create the map!
How would you rate President Charles Edward Merriam’s first term in office?
View Poll

Olson RC green /99 color match - $190 BMWT
Gibson /100 - $45 BMWT
Molitors - $25 PWE each