Current situation: So i originally made post about 1 week ago asking questions related perfecting FF6. Original post here. I figured now i would give you a update on what has transpired over last week of playing and grind. I also would like to tell you my methodology to get the results i did and why some people are the way they are. So first thing is first, I am playing the 2015 Steam version (not the pixel remaster) we have just killed Kafka and now have just finished the grinding required to get the other two parties upto what i would call a Decent standard.
So when i was building these 3 parties i wanted to do in such a way that make party 1 a whirlwind of violence without detracting from the other 2 parties. I also wanted to have all 3 parties with a dedicated caster so serve as support and AOE as well as healer. All melee or none dedicated casters i have kept their known magic to a minimum. As of writing they have only learned the Magic their stat magicite / equipment has taught them and Quick. I believe quick is Mandatory on anyone that can learn it. Another thing to know is I am not a man above using game breaking glitches as suck I have abused the Terra duplication glitch for equipment.
Party 1 Lock, Terra, Edgar and Relm. I tried to stack this team to be able to get as much DPS as possible with lock easily being the forefront of that being able to casually do a total of about 80k per wave of attacks. I also wanted to keep Edgar as a Dragoon so he can dodge party ending attacks up also add a level of diversity in the offensive line up. Terra has been assigned the role of parties mom. Her job is to heal and support the party while Relm is there do a steady 50k-ish damage.
Locke Equipment: Ultima Weapon x2, Red Cap, Genji Armor, Master Scroll and Genji Gloves. I think this is the highest possible damage output in the game. Higher than any magic set up i can think of without relying on luck. The thing i like about this particular setup is disregard for the Enemies defence. I chose the red cap over the Genji because of the stat boost it offered me so i could then funnel those Levels worth of stats into something more useful. Stats focused for Maxing: STR and Speed. Rest is in Stam and HP / MP. The equipment set up has no on hit magic procs so worry about it seemed good to disregard the magic stat entilierly and focusing on making locke as fast and as damaging as possible. He truly is the all star this particular party.
Terra Equipment: x2 lightbringer, Circlet, Minerva Bustier, Genji Gloves and Celestriad I thought this is the best setup i would of for this particular set up giving her a High strength if needed and a whopping 150 magic. Her role in this party is to be there mom. Make sure that Locke and Relm can do the heavy lifting. She does not need to cast two spells per turn. She can function on 1 spell and be changed into a pretty decent master scroll set up if needed. I doubt this will be needed but i built it in Just in case the situation is needed. Stats focused for Maxing: STR, Magic. Rest in Stam and HP / MP The stats are Spread quite thin on the terra, she barley reaches 128 STR and focuses it all into Magic and Stam.
Edgar Equipment: Radiant Lance, Paladin shield, Genji Helm, Genji Armor, Dragoon Boots and Dragon horn. I spent a lot of run umming and ahhing over Holy Lance or radiant lance. In the end i chose Radiant for two main reason. The first is the minor stat buffs it gives and the second is the fact it is none elemental damage. I figured later on in the game edgar would be useless against anything that is immune or absorbs Holy damage. Additionally if they are weak to it i can always put a holy lance on and go fishing for holy procs for additional damage. Stats focused for Maxing: STR, Magic. Rest in Speed and HP / MP. I chose in this particular reason to for max STR and Magic. The strength is make those jumps worth using and 40k-ish damage seems good. Magic is there because of Flash incase i need AOE quickly. It also facilitates the on hit procs he has access to in Lightbringer and Holy lance. This is a set up in needed could easily be changed into a Genji Glove, Master Scroll set up with double lightbringer / Ragnarok / Ultima Weapon. I also like the tank this set up as with the elemental protection of Paladin shield and high defence of the armor.
Relm Equipment: Magus Rod, Paladin shield, Cat ear hood, Behemoth Suit, Soul of Thamasa and Celestriad I spent a lot of time going between Magus rod and Angel brush. I have finally settles on the Brush when i get it for now i think this is the best i can do. I realise there is a Contradiction of between the Hood and Shield, however the shields main purpose is provide a higher degree of defence and the hood is there for the stat boosts it gives. Stats focused for Maxing: Magic, Speed. Rest in Speed and HP / MP. As the secondary DPS of the party i wanted her to be fast, effective and easily be able to get those sweet 5 ultima out ASAP. like lock i tried to focus on as much Damage as possible with total disregard for the secondary offensive stat.
Party 2 Gau, Celes, Mog and Gogo This party is the Gau show. Everything about this is to get Gau Raging and keep him alive while he Rages. It also acts as a good environment for Gogo to mime. Celes is the Dedicated caster of this party she is there to Spam runic when Gau rages and heal, hatse, reraise Gau when he needs it. Mog serves as the same function as Edgar in the first party and as a a minor Support for status elements when needed.
Gau Equipment: Paladin shield, Circlet (will be replaced with Dueling mask), Snow Scarf, Ribbon, Master scroll. I struggled with gau on many levels some of this is lack of knowledge. I could make an entire new thread about Gau and what i should do with him. So for now this is what i have settled on. I would like to know a few things, Does gau keep his equipment advantages when he rages? so for example if he rages into something that is weak to fire but you have something that makes you absorb fire will you heal for double the amount. Same for status effects. The last time i played this was on the SNES and i could do a completely different set up with Medal Award. I do have half a mind to hack it on him go with a double lightbringer set up on him. But alas this is what i have settles on. I would like some Heavy advise on this particular matter and your opinions on them. Stats focused for Maxing: Magic, Strength. Rest in Speed and MP. I think MP is a dead stat on gau. Rages do not require MP to be used and there is no incentive to get it as far as i am aware so i ignored it. It seemed obvious that his Magic and strength stat are must maxes. I chose speed in the end as the dump stat as i believe to be more useful than Stam in this particular case.
Celes Equipment: x2 lightbringer, Circlet, Minerva Bustier, Genji Gloves and Celestriad See Terra for a full explanation. Celes unlike Terra in this point of the game has a useful ability in runic. Trance is useful midway to late game but when you are guaranteed to hit damage cap there is no need for it. Runic is the reason she is paired with gau eating the magic and giving gau the support my favourite gremlin needs. Stats focused for Maxing: Magic, Strength. Rest in Speed and HP /MP I chose speed on Celes as she will need to be rather attentive to Gau. She is also fast so i can abuse wait Tricking on her if needed. As the main caster it is also her job to Ultima enemies when needed.
Mog Equipment: Holy Lance, Paladin Shield, Circlet, Diamond Armor, Dragoon boots and Dragon horn As a strictly worse version of edgar in terms of equipment I tried to give them the best i could. With the dances adding a level of healing and status affect puring. All in all they seem to be ok. Stats focused for Maxing: Magic, Speed. Rest in magic and HP / Mp.
So the main reason Edgar had max magic was because of their "Tools" ability. Mogs does not have that instead has dance. So i chose speed to proc dance as many times possible as well get them in the Air as fast as possible (I don't think the drop time has anything to do with speed)
Gogo Mimics: Magic, Lore and Steal Equipment: Lightbringer, Paladin Shield, Circlet, Genji Armor, Ribbon and Merit Award I can see a argument to go Genji glove and double lightbringer for even more stats but i chose this instead. I can also see a argument of ditching Ribbon for Soul of Thamasa or Celestriad with the things he as Mimic. Gogo is mainly there to mimic the other party members Mainly as a second jumper or a second runic.
Party 2 Strago, Sabin, Cyan and Shadow There is less of a plan with this team and more trying to make the best with what i have left. all in all i think this is quite good. Strago is a strong caster with blue magic adding a level of utility. Sabin being the main physical DPS. Cyan and shadow are outshadowed by Sabin here. At least Shadow can throw Elemental Weapons when needed and the interceptor is a nifty free auto attack.
Strago Equipment: Magus rod, Paladin Shield, Genji helm, Behemoth suit, Celestriad and Miracle Shoes / Soul of Thamasa.
Strago's relics change on a boss to boss situation. Miracle Shoes are there for general use and mainly battles between bosses and Soul of Thamasa when i need to a lot Quickly like cast 5 ultima or white wind into Delta. With the utility that blue magic adds as well as access to the interceptor rippler glitch. I think strago is pretty ok all round. Stats focused for Maxing: Magic, Speed. Rest in Stam and HP / MP.
I made a thread going through the whys of this. But in short i decided Speed due to the ability to blitz ultimas and Stam because of the amount of stuff has as access to that scales off it and Miracle Shoes.
Sabin Equipment: x2 Claws (they are always changing,) Circlet, Red jacket, Genji glove, master scroll Sabin has single job. Press attack and watch them disappear. If he can proc as many on hits as possible and kill them. He has the same mentality as Locke in terms of build. Stats focused for Maxing: Magic, Strength. Rest in Stam and HP / MP. So the strength is there for his stupid good auto attacks, Magic for the onhits and AOE blitzes and the stam to benefit from strago and his buffs.
Cyan Equipment: Zantetsuken, Mutsunokami, Diamond helm, Genji Armor, Genji Gloves and Miracle shoes. So i have no idea what to do with him Most of his stats seem useless for Bushido. So i just gave him quite a generic Set up and hope we can get through this. Not to do Cyan dirty but i have no idea what to do with him. Stats focused for Maxing: Strength and Magic I am told that his Bushido is a mix of Magic and Strength so that's what i maxed.
Shadow Equipment: Kagenui, Gladius, Red cap, Genji Armor, Miracle Shoes, Genji Glove. He has a basic set up. Just deal as much damage as possible and if you cannot reach damage cap throw stuff at them. Stats focused for Maxing: Strength and Speed. Rest in magic HP / MP His stats are not the best but the 128 speed and strength means he does good damage so all in all he seems ok.

With updates like Archaeology and various others, the RuneScape (Gielinor) map is getting more and more crowded (zoom all the way out of your minimap), with everything gradually merging into one massive city, and the current cities, towns, and villages morphing into suburbs. Consequently, there's a loss of the sense of distance and vastness. With more future updates, it's likely that more space will be used, making the world denser and denser. It'd be helpful to:

• To steer clear of RuneScape becoming overwhelmed by doors and portals, it's crucial to diversify how new content is introduced. This involves exploring alternative access methods that don't heavily rely on additional doorways or teleportation mechanisms. By doing so, we preserve the immersive nature of exploration and travel across the game world, ensuring a more balanced and engaging player experience.
• Utilize non-instanced islands, dedicating each island to specific content. For example, an island like "Island Death" could exclusively host the war retreat, while each island could have its own weather and excavation site for Archaeology.
• We can maintain the existing teleportation methods, such as lodestones, teleportation spells, and other transportation methods. The focus would primarily be on expanding and enriching the remaining areas of the map, providing players with additional exploration and gameplay options without replacing existing conveniences. This approach ensures a balanced and seamless integration of new content while preserving the accessibility and familiarity of the current transportation systems in RuneScape.

To maintain a balanced and spacious RuneScape map, it's essential to ensure a better ratio of updates, preventing the world from feeling overly crowded. This includes careful consideration of how new content is integrated to avoid a cluttered appearance and maintain the sense of expansiveness within the game world.
BONUS IDEA:
While there are memes and jokes about the "Sailing" skill, what if it were actually possible to implement? Building on the island concept mentioned earlier:

• Island Travel: Players can travel between islands (not instanced), enhancing the sense of vastness in RuneScape and providing endless possibilities for future updates. Can move existing content onto its own island, thus freeing up space on the map.
• Construction Skills: Players can utilize their construction skills to construct and maintain/repair their ships, earning construction XP in the process.
• Sailing Level Benefits: Higher sailing levels result in faster travel times and fewer repairs needed for the ship.
• Construction Level Benefits: Higher construction levels enable faster repairs and the use of better ship materials, reducing repair requirements.
• Uncharted Islands: Between islands, there could be random, uncharted, and unclaimable islands with random loot (good or bad), giving players the option to explore or bypass them.
• Ports Resources: Higher sailing levels yield more Ports resources from each ship sent out, with faster ship returns per voyage.
• Player-Owned Ports: Players can use their own Player-Owned Ports as a home and repair base, enhancing the personalization and functionality of their gameplay.
• Clan-Owned Island: Rather than a Clan Citadel, the concept could be moved to an island, providing a unique and thematic setting for clan activities.
• Player-Owned House: Player-Owned Houses could be moved to the Player-Owned Island, offering ocean views and opportunities to expand construction skills by building on the land surrounding the house, such as sheds, pools, gazebos, etc., instead of the traditional square plot of land in the void.

Feel free to add more ideas below.

Choosing the best gift for your boyfriend involves considering his personality, interests, and the nature of your relationship. Here are some thoughtful and personalized gift ideas to help you make the right choice:

1. Tech Gadgets

• Why? Many men appreciate the latest technology and gadgets.
• Examples: A smartwatch, high-quality wireless earbuds, a new gaming console, or a smart home device like an Alexa or Google Home.

2. Experience-Based Gifts

• Why? Shared experiences can be more memorable and enjoyable than material items.
• Examples: Concert tickets, a cooking class, a weekend getaway, a sports event, or an adventure activity like skydiving or a hot air balloon ride.

3. Personalized Items

• Why? Adding a personal touch makes the gift more special and unique.
• Examples: Custom-engraved watch, a monogrammed leather wallet, a photo book filled with memories, or a piece of artwork that holds significance to both of you.

4. Hobby-Related Gifts

• Why? Showing interest in his hobbies and supporting them can be very meaningful.
• Examples: A set of golf clubs, a high-quality fishing rod, art supplies, a gourmet cooking set, or gear related to his favorite sport or outdoor activity.

5. Fashion and Accessories

• Why? Stylish and practical, these gifts can be a daily reminder of your thoughtfulness.
• Examples: A stylish watch, a pair of high-quality sunglasses, a well-made jacket, or a pair of his favorite sneakers.

6. Subscription Services

• Why? These gifts keep giving long after the initial present is received.
• Examples: A subscription to a monthly book club, a streaming service, a craft beer or wine club, or a magazine related to his interests.

7. DIY Gifts

• Why? Handmade gifts show effort and personal investment.
• Examples: A hand-knitted scarf, a scrapbook of your favorite memories together, or a homemade candle with his favorite scent.

8. Fitness and Wellness Gifts

• Why? Supporting his health and wellness goals can be very appreciated.
• Examples: A set of dumbbells, a yoga mat, a fitness tracker, or a membership to a fitness class or gym.

9. Gourmet Gifts

• Why? If he’s a foodie or enjoys cooking, these can be a real treat.
• Examples: A high-end BBQ grill, a set of gourmet spices, a cooking class, or a curated selection of his favorite snacks and beverages.

10. Books and Media

• Why? Perfect for a boyfriend who loves to read or is a fan of certain shows or movies.
• Examples: A signed copy of his favorite book, a box set of a series he loves, or a collection of classic films.

Tips for Choosing the Best Gift:

• Listen for Clues: Pay attention to hints he may drop about things he likes or wants.
• Consider His Interests: Gifts related to his hobbies and passions show that you value what he enjoys.
• Make it Personal: The more personal the gift, the more special it will be. Even a simple gift can be extraordinary if it has a personal touch.
• Plan Ahead: Give yourself enough time to choose and prepare the perfect gift. Last-minute purchases can often feel rushed or thoughtless.

Ultimately, the best gift is one that reflects his personality and shows your appreciation and love for him.

I know this is might trigger some people even though this is a genuine thought that just flies over everyone's heads😭, but why does it seem to be okay for movie companies these days to completely replace/change a character's race than from what they originally were? And why it is okay?
Take Disney for example; I'm not gonna lie, I was so disappointed when I found out what they did to the cast of the live-action remake of The Little Mermaid. They changed quite literally EVERYTHING of the movie besides the minor basic details that we all wanted more emphasis on. Now don't get me wrong, Halle is amazing and I love her! But this was not okay and totally disrespectful. White redheads is still a race, I don't get why Disney needed to changed Ariel's looks just to add more Black representation. The movie was awful already, but come on man THEY DIDN'T EVEN MAKE HER HAIR THAT RED. I also really hated the fact that they changed the looks of the sisters and their names, I will admit that making each of the sister represent the 7 seas was clever but none of them looked related and it even got my mom to say "Are they trying to show that King Triton has different women?" They did this with Tinkerbell too, LIKE HER HAIR WASN'T EVEN BLONDE. And again, white blondes are still a race. Sure fairest are mythical creteaures, sure mermaids are half fish, but Mulan was also a legend/myth. Can you imagine the anger people would have if the live-action Mulan, another terrible live-action remake, movie casted a Japanese or Korean female actress to play a CHINESE LEAD? It would be proper representation right? What about turning Tarzan black? That would be racist right, making a black man live in the jungle like an animal? And I'm sure people would RAGE if they turned Tiana white. So I'd replacing a black character is disrespectful then why is replacing any other race NOT disrespectful?? Just make new characters. They're also DESTROYING the live-action Snow White, it's gonna flop so badly for sure. First off, Snow White IS NOT COLUMBIAN. She's WHITE, the story is Germanic and back then Germans used to be known for having fair skin. So ruining that race is ALSO disrespectful. I also hate the fact Disney didn't cast short people for the Dwarves, they really aren't adding proper representation where it should be. And I gotta say this too, WHAT THE HECK IS WRONG WITH FALLING IN LOVE? I like Mackenzie Ziegler, but I don't like how she's hating on the movie. All the other actresses loved their roles and the original characters. SO WHAT IF IT ISN'T 1947 OR WHATEVER? There's absolutely nothing wrong with falling in love. Y'all do realize Snow White isn't actually 14 like Google says right? An executive workeerat Disney confirmed that her and Prince Florian are both older teenagers and are around the same age. If they don't want to make it "Oh you just met him" sort of thing then do with that they did for the remakes of Cinderella and Sleeping Beauty/Maleficent; have then meet somewhere before hand and make them bond so the love story makes more sense. "Princesses can be the heroes of their own story." GIRL PLEASE, THEY ALL WERE: Snow White literally changed the lives of seven men. She didn't do the work besides tidy up the place in the beginning, after that she 'trained' them to live better. Cinderella was able to finally stand up for herself and leave an abusive step family. Aurora didn't back down on adventure when the 3 fairies told her not to be so curious, because when she started going near her parents' kingdom she found out she was the princess. Ariel proved to her kind that not all humans are bad and she proved to her father that loving a human isn't a bad thing either because they also have emotions. Belle literally changed the heart of the careless prince and helped him care for others and show the brighter side of life. Belle literally changed the heart of the careless prince and helped him care for others and show the brighter side of life. Rapunzel escaped from isolation and followed her gut that something is out there for her and in the process also saved herself from never seeing the light and also was reunited with her parents. Jasmine might've had a small role in Aladdin, but even then she didn't let others silent her by saying she isn't a prize to be won by other men. Aladdin was the only guy who didn't have anything to offer and wasn't interested in riches because other princes wanted to use the Sultan's riches sinces he's richer. So that's why she likes Aladdin. Merida from Brave can literally speak for herself. Elsa can speak for herself to. She freaking saved her sister and gave the "you can't marry a man you just met" line; because yes, time has to be involved. Anna was reckless with Hans because he manipulated her, but she survived a frozen heart and all just to get to her sister. That's a hero right there. Anna fell in love with Kristoff later on, not right away. Tiana opened her own restaurant and fought poverty. She was also the one who defeated the villain. Mulan can also speak for herself, she literally saved her damn country.💀 She fell in love because Li Shang was the first one to trust her when she was disguised. No one else did, he did and saw potential in her. Pocahontas was the most inaccurate thing ever.🗿 But she fought for her people and changed the views of the Spanish of the Powhatans in Disney's version. Moana was crossed the whole entire ocean to save humanity from dying out. So you see, each an every princess was a hero in their own story. Love was just along the way because there's nothing wrong with falling in love. And the men they fell in love with were literal green flags. Falling in love was shown as a huge problem in Barbie and I hated that. Cinderella and Maleficent were the best live-action remakes Disney has ever made.
But back to the race thing, it isn't just Disney that does this. White redheads are always getting replaced; there was a remake of Annie, MJ front Spider-Man, Boonie from The Vampire Diaries because she's a white redhead in the books but Black on the show, and so many more. And now Disney made an animated show on Ariel with the changes race, like com on man. Like again it's not the actors, IT'S THE COMPANIES!
I'm not trying to be racist but seriously, just make new characters. Why is replacing certain races matter more than replacing others? No race should be changed. (Please don't take this the wrong way!!😭🙏🏻)

There is almost no information, discussion or videos about this game at all. I know it only recently got shipped out but I was surprised I couldn't even find unboxing pictures or videos of the product.
I had no idea it existed until I saw a tweet about people's copies shipping out after a lot of silence from the company about the game. My partner and I are into board games and Granblue enough so we decided to give it a go.

Price of Entry

So there are two separate starter sets, the Gran set comes with Gran, Lyria, Rackam & Noa. The Djeeta set comes with Djeeta, Katalina, Vira and Io. Either one is about $40 before shipping which actually isn't that bad for what we thought would be the base game. (more on this later)
There's also the full 12 character expansion set for around $70, the super deluxe complete set that comes with both starters, the 12 character expansion set AND 4 more characters unique to this bundle (Meteon?? The Lowain bros, Another Katalina?? and Elmott) for $150. If neither of those seem appealing there was confusingly enough individual character expansion packs for $6 which are completely random on what character you get out of the 12 in the expansion.

The Rules

No way to get around it, the rulebook flows terribly. It could really use some reorganizing in how it delivers the rules to you and maybe some more in-play examples of actions or turns playing out. It has some neat ideas that in execution makes the game seem simple but has potential for interesting strategy. Things like, once the 1st turn player is decided upon, they will continue to go first each round unless another player takes a specific action during the current round to take it from them. The chaining system, normally after you take an action with one of your characters, priority passes to the opponent and they take an action with one of their characters. If you use cards with matching colors together you can create a "chain" and act multiple times with different characters before the opponent can act. This sounds really strong but like a lot of other things in the game has it's own opportunity cost and other things to manage with it but it is fun to play around with and could make deckbuilding more interesting with more character options. It also vaguely frames that the first-setup game it has you play will be using some alternate rules, which a lot of games do to ease in players. What it does not tell you until the end of the book is that The game is normally played with 4 characters per team, which suddenly makes things like the chaining system the game has make more sense.

The Marketing

This realization at the end of the rule book that games are normally played with 4 Characters per team, with a few rule changes makes you double take at that $40 entry price on the Starter set. Because now you have essentially half of a full game, meaning you cannot experience the game the way rules were designed for without either buying the 2nd Starter set, the expansion set or 4 of the random chance character packs. I don't see much reason to buy the random packs, if you like the game or system enough to get more it would make much more sense to just get the guaranteed set of 12 instead of gambling on a few extra characters that may or may not be the ones you'd want to play. It just felt really weird once it clicked how designed the system is around it's chaining system and action economy when the Starter set barely gives you the tools to play with it.

Production Value

Overall pretty pleased with the physical aspects of the game, the board is nice and has some pretty basic terrain for elevation and some 3D trees which is far more than some other games of this type would give you. The punch out tokens and other things like the round counter all do their job well enough and having a Gold Brick as the "Control the Point" piece for the map is funny enough. Oh yeah each character uses a pretty decent quality acrylic art stand to represent themselves on the board which is a huge step up from having card board punch outs or something, really nice touch. I have one gripe and that is how boring the card art is. The main stat card for each character is fine it's 3/4th body shots of their art from the game which is nice. Their actual ability cards that are supposed to represent their attacks and skills from the game are all just their in-game sprite poses with no extra art or flair to any of them! As someone who likes a good mix of mechanics & art to their games, this part really disappointed me. Gran's cards all have the exact same sprite in the exact same pose pasted 5 times with one other card having a different sprite pose and that's it.

Conclusion

Sorry if some of this turned into more of a ramble but I wanted to get my thoughts out on the game after giving it a good round of plays as I haven't seen anyone really saying anything about it. We grabbed the 12 character expansion ourselves to try out full games and that might change my feelings on some things.
Overall I think the game and it's rules are nice and snappy with some hit or miss production value to it. I don't think it uses the Granblue IP in a meaningful way but I swear I remember reading an off-hand comment that "Japanime Tactics" was supposed to be a game that was going to expand with multiple IPs included. I'd need a fact-check on that but it would explain things about the rules and marketing for the game.
If anyone else has some thoughts about the game too I'd love to read them or if anyone is willing to post pictures of the expansion character cards I really want to read and see what they do!!

Choosing the best gift for your girlfriend or wife on your anniversary involves considering her tastes, interests, and the significance of your relationship. Here are some thoughtful and personalized ideas to inspire you:

1. Personalized Jewelry

• Why? Jewelry is a classic gift, and personalizing it adds a sentimental touch.
• Examples: Custom-made necklace with her initials or your anniversary date, a bracelet with a meaningful charm, or a ring with an engraved message.

2. A Romantic Getaway

• Why? Quality time together in a beautiful setting can create lasting memories.
• Examples: A weekend at a cozy cabin, a beach resort, or a city you both love. Make sure to plan activities she enjoys.

3. Customized Photo Book or Frame

• Why? It's a heartfelt way to celebrate your journey together.
• Examples: A professionally bound photo book with pictures from your time together or a digital photo frame loaded with your favorite moments.

4. Experience-Based Gifts

• Why? Experiences can be more memorable than material items.
• Examples: Cooking classes, wine tasting, a hot air balloon ride, concert tickets, or a couple’s spa day.

5. Handwritten Love Letters

• Why? A deeply personal and timeless gesture.
• Examples: A beautifully written letter or a series of notes expressing your love and appreciation. Consider placing them in a decorative box or jar for her to open throughout the year.

6. Tech Gadgets

• Why? Practical and often appreciated, especially if she enjoys technology.
• Examples: A smartwatch, a high-quality pair of headphones, or a tablet. Ensure it’s something she’s mentioned wanting.

7. Fashion and Accessories

• Why? A stylish gift she can wear and think of you.
• Examples: A designer handbag, a silk scarf, or a pair of elegant shoes. Choose items that match her style and preferences.

8. Books or Subscription Services

• Why? Perfect for a girlfriend or wife who loves to read or explore new hobbies.
• Examples: A collection of her favorite author’s works, a book subscription service, or a subscription to a monthly box of items related to her interests (e.g., beauty products, gourmet snacks).

9. Art or Home Decor

• Why? Something beautiful for her personal space can be cherished for years.
• Examples: A painting or print by her favorite artist, a custom illustration of a special place, or a piece of unique home decor.

10. DIY Gifts

• Why? Handmade gifts show effort and personal investment.
• Examples: A scrapbook, a knitted item, or a piece of furniture you made yourself. These are especially meaningful because of the time and love you put into creating them.

Tips for Choosing the Best Gift:

• Listen for Clues: Pay attention to hints she may drop about things she likes or wants.
• Consider Her Hobbies: Gifts related to her interests show that you value what she enjoys.
• Make it Personal: The more personal the gift, the more special it will be. Even a simple gift can be extraordinary if it has a personal touch.
• Plan Ahead: Give yourself enough time to choose and prepare the perfect gift. Last-minute purchases can often feel rushed or thoughtless.

Ultimately, the best gift is one that comes from the heart and shows your appreciation and love for her.

Hi, my intention is to prepare myself for the upcoming academic year on September.
I want to have the ability to write my own PyTorch's Module, Loss, and Optimizer. I intend to start easy with Module (Linear), Loss (Least Squares) and Optimizer (Gradient Descent).
My goal is to implement: 1. LeastSquares loss which subclass the torch.nn.modules.loss._Loss class. 2. GradientDescent optimizer which subclass the torch.optim.optimizer.Optimizer class. 2. Cubic Polynomial module which subclass the torch.nn.Module class.
What I've tried: 1. Read Learning PyTorch with Examples
The Learning PyTorch with Examples teach how to define autograd functions. This became a dedicated StackOverflow question
The rest of the examples teach how to use existing Loss function (such as torch.nn.MSELoss), Optimizer (such as torch.optim.SGD) and Module (such as torch.nn.Linear).
After spending a day. I am confused on how torch.nn.modules.loss._Loss, torch.optim.optimizer.Optimizer, and torch.nn.Module works. Is there a tutorial how to create your own PyTorch Loss, Optimizer, and Module?
The code below is trying to mimic PyTorch. But, I don't know how optimizer.zero_grad(), loss.backward(), and optimizer.step() can update the model.parameters(). So, I put everything in 1 class.
I am open to learn the design pattern and so on. Please point me to the right direction.
``` import numpy as np import math import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
class Module: pass
class CubicPolynomial(Module): a: np.float64 b: np.float64 c: np.float64 d: np.float64
learning_rate: np.float64
def init(self, learning_rate=1e-6) -> None: self.a = np.random.randn() self.b = np.random.randn() self.c = np.random.randn() self.d = np.random.randn()

self.learning_rate = learning_rate 

def call(self, x: np.ndarray): return self.a + self.b * x + self.c * x ** 2 + self.d * x ** 3
def loss_ln(self, y_pred: np.ndarray, y: np.ndarray) -> np.float64: return ((y_pred - y) ** 2).sum()
def zero_grad(self) -> None: # Manually zero the gradients after updating weights self.grad_a = None self.grad_b = None self.grad_c = None self.grad_d = None
def backward(self, y_pred: np.ndarray) -> None: # Backprop to compute gradients of a, b, c, d with respect to loss grad_y_pred = 2.0 * (y_pred - y) # d/da (y_pred - y)² # 2 * (y_pred - y) self.grad_a = grad_y_pred.sum()

# d/db (a + (b * x) + (c * x²) + (d * x³) - y)² # 2 * (y_pred - y) * x self.grad_b = (grad_y_pred * x).sum() # d/dc (a + (b * x) + (c * x²) + (d * x³) - y)² # 2 * (y_pred - y) * x² self.grad_c = (grad_y_pred * x ** 2).sum() # d/dd (a + (b * x) + (c * x²) + (d * x³) - y)² # 2 * (y_pred - y) * x³ self.grad_d = (grad_y_pred * x ** 3).sum() 

def step(self) -> None: # Update weights using gradient descent self.a -= self.learning_rate * self.grad_a self.b -= self.learning_rate * self.grad_b self.c -= self.learning_rate * self.grad_c self.d -= self.learning_rate * self.grad_d
dtype = np.float64

Create random input and output data

x = np.linspace(-math.pi, math.pi, 2000, dtype=dtype) y = np.sin(x)
plt.plot(x, y, 'blue')
learning_rate = 1e-6 model = CubicPolynomial(learning_rate=learning_rate)
for t in range(2000): # Forward pass: compute predicted y y_pred = model(x)
# Compute and print loss loss = model.loss_ln(y_pred, y) if t % 100 == 99: print(t, loss)
# Before the backward pass, use the optimizer object to zero all of the # gradients for the variables it will update (which are the learnable # weights of the model). This is because by default, gradients are # accumulated in buffers( i.e, not overwritten) whenever .backward() # is called. Checkout docs of torch.autograd.backward for more details. model.zero_grad()
# Backward pass: compute gradient of the loss with respect to model # parameters model.backward(y_pred)
# Calling the step function on an Optimizer makes an update to its # parameters model.step()
print(f'Result: y = {model.a} + {model.b} x + {model.c} x<sup>2</sup> + {model.d} x<sup>3')</sup>
plt.plot(x, y_pred, 'orange')
%reset -f ```

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We understand that tranquility at home depends on your comfort in your surroundings. That's why we're dedicated to creating a space where you can unwind after a challenging day at work or push your boundaries. From stylishly designed interiors to communal spaces and co-working areas, we provide amenities that enhance your lifestyle.
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I'm years into an X-Men read starting at 1963, reading everything Marvel Unlimited has.
I've also occasionally paused my X-book dedication to read the big events (that involve X charactes in some way) when I get to them in the timeline. This helps with perspective and also to keep up with the Marvel universe in general. Of course as time went on, these became much more frequent.
I'm now at Fear Itself and Im wondering if the ancillary issues are mostly skippable for this event.
Would I be missing much if I just read the main event books and X-team involved issues?
Edit: I mostly ask because I take it that this event wasn't received well and it's a BIG reading list of side issues.

I'm years into an X-Men read starting at 1963, reading everything Marvel Unlimited has.
I've also occasionally paused my X-book dedication to read the big events (that involve X charactes in some way) when I get to them in the timeline. This helps with perspective and also to keep up with the Marvel universe in general. Of course as time went on, these became much more frequent.
I'm now at Fear Itself and Im wondering if the ancillary issues are mostly skippable for this event.
Would I be missing much if I just read the main event books and X-team involved issues?
Edit: I mostly ask because I take it that this event wasn't received well and it's a BIG reading list of side issues.

Johann Gottlieb Fichte

19 May 1762 – 29 January 1814
J. G. Fichte and a priori Providentialism
Part of a Series on the Philosophy of History
Sunday 19 May 2024 is the 262nd anniversary of the birth of Johann Gottlieb Fichte (19 May 1762 – 29 January 1814), who was born in Rammenau, Saxony, then part of the Holy Roman Empire, on this day in 1762.
Fichte is often remembered in histories of philosophy as an immediate successor to Kant in the German idealist tradition. While still a young man Fichte wrote and anonymously published Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation. This was in 1792 when Fichte was 30 years old. Many believed that Kant had written this work, given Kant’s earlier critiques of pure reason, practical reason, and judgment, so when Kant denied authorship and identified Fichte as the actual author, Fichte experienced the philosophical equivalent of being an overnight sensation.
But Fichte’s life was an unsheltered as Kant’s life was sheltered. He was a born trouble-maker and was willing to touch the third rail of Enlightenment politics by writing and speaking openly about matters of religion, as revealed by his work on revelation. Fichte is sometimes called inflexible and rigid, though we could also say (a little more charitably) that he was principled and not inclined to compromise. Partly as a result of this temperament, Fichte became embroiled in a controversy in German intellectual life remembered as the Atheismusstriet, or Atheism Controversy.
During this controversy Friedrich Jacobi published an open letter against Fichte in which Jacobi coined the term “nihilism” to describe what he took to be Fichte’s position:

“Truly, my dear Fichte, I would not be vexed if you, or anyone else, were to call Chimerism the view I oppose to the Idealism that I chide for Nihilism. I have paraded my not-knowing in all my writings; in my non-knowledge I have prided myself so to be with knowledge, so perfectly and completely, that I am certainly allowed to be contemptuous of the mere doubter.—I have wrestled for truth with zeal and fervour since childhood as few others; as few others have I experienced my powerlessness—and my heart has grown tender for that—yea, very tender, my dear Fichte—and my voice so gentle! Just as I have deep compassion for myself, as human being, so I have it for others. I am patient without effort; but that I am truly patient without effort costs me a lot. The earth will be light above me—it won’t be long.”

Nihilism was to go on to have quite a career as an idea after Jacobi’s letter. While for Jacobi, the nihilism he attributed to Fichte was the inevitable outcome of reason, nihilism did not remain centered on Jacobi’s critique of Kantian philosophy, but came to signify belief in nothing at all.
Fichte’s controversial stance created a problem for the authorities at the University of Jena, where Fichte was employed at the time. Fichte wouldn’t budge, and this was one of the episodes responsible for his reputation for inflexibility, so the University of Jena dismissed him in 1799. At this point, with little to his name and few prospects, Fichte walked from Jena to Berlin—Google Maps says it takes 55 hours to complete this walk—and eventually he became part of the philosophical scene in Berlin.
Fichte attempted, semi-successfully, to support himself with popular books and lectures. For a philosopher coming from a background of Kantian philosophy—the most technical philosophy of its day—this was a bold project, but he gamely attempted to bring his interpretation of Kantianism to the masses. One of the outcomes of this effort was Fichte’s short book The Vocation of Man (1800). Fichte’s academic work was riddled with jargon, but The Vocation of Man is written in plain language and was intended for a popular audience. However, it’s still a demanding philosophical argument. In it, Fichte articulated a conception of human destiny that is universalistic, rationalistic, teleological, and even infinitistic:

“Let us not ask of history if man, on the whole, have yet become purely moral. To a more extended, comprehensive, energetic freedom he has certainly attained; but hitherto it has been an almost necessary result of his position, that this freedom has been applied chiefly to evil purposes. Neither let us ask whether the aesthetic and intellectual culture of the ancient world, concentrated on a few points, may not have excelled in degree that of modern times! It might happen that we should receive a humiliating answer, and that in this respect the human race has not advanced, but rather seemed to retrograde, in its riper years. But let us ask of history at what period the existing culture has been most widely diffused, and distributed among the greatest number of individuals; and we shall doubtless find that from the beginning of history down to our own day, the few light-points of Civilization have spread themselves abroad from their centre, that one individual after another, and one nation after another, has been embraced within their circle, and that this wider outspread of culture is proceeding under our own eyes. And this is the first point to be attained in the endless path on which humanity must advance.”

Notice that Fichte implies a distinction between two kinds of progress: there is progress toward the highest degree of excellence, and here humanity may have backslid, but there is also progress toward broadly distributed high culture, and here Fichte thinks that his time definitely surpassed previous history. Fichte also says that progress, by which he means moral progress, is an endless path, and we have already seen that it is possible for humanity to experience retrograde moral progress, so the pathway to man becoming purely moral, as Fichte sees it, is endless, it can incorporate reversals, and it can be striving to new heights or to wider diffusion.
This and many other passages point to the infinite perfectibility of man, which shows us the extent to which Fichte had imbibed the ideals of the French Revolution—or, we might say, he had imbibed the ideals of the French philosophers who were instrumental in laying the foundations of the French revolution, and were later arguably co-opted by the revolution, as in the case of Condorcet, who wrote this paean to the infinite perfectibility of man while on the run from the revolutionary gendarme. But the infinite perfectibility of man as Fichte imagines it is a teleology with a real history: things can go wrong, we can get sidetracked, we might pursue one form of moral excellence or another, and so on.
And Fichte also transmuted the French concept of the infinite perfectibility of man in the image of German idealism, producing a kind of philosophical spiritualism. Part of this transmutation of ideals came about because of the direction that Fichte saw the French revolution take as it developed. Many philosophers at the time initially supported the ideals of the French Revolution, but came to see it in a different light after the Terror and the Napoleonic Wars. Fichte as well.
Seeking to rally his countrymen after defeats inflicted by Napoleon, Fichte gave a series of public lectures later published as Addresses to the German Nation. This was more than a half century before the unification of Germany as a nation-state. In the twentieth century this work was savaged by George Santayana in his book Egotism in German Philosophy, which I mentioned in my episode on Wars and Rumors of Wars. Santayana called Fichte “an uncompromising puritan” and in Santayana’s fever dream of German expansionism he imagined Fichte as the source of it all:

“…Fichte gives us prophetic glimpses of an idealistic Germany conquering the world. The state does not aim at self-preservation, still less is it concerned to come to the aid of those members of the human family that lag behind the movement of the day. The dominion of unorganised physical force must be abolished by a force obedient to reason and spirit. True life consists in refashioning human relations after a model innate in the mind. The glorious destiny of Germany is to bring forth and establish the world anew. Natural freedom is a disgraceful thing, a mere medley of sensual and intellectual impulses without any principle of order. It is for the Germans to decide whether a providential progress exists by becoming themselves the providence that shall bring progress about, or whether on the contrary every higher thought is folly. If they should fail, history would never blame them, for in that case there would be no more history.”

Many others also have seen Fichte’s work through the lens of the wars of their time, which were the world wars of the twentieth century, rather than through the lens of the wars of Fichte’s time, which were the Napoleonic Wars.
Fichte knew that he was putting his life on the line by publicly speaking out against the French, as he at one time referenced the fate of Johann Philipp Palm. Palm, a book seller, was connected to a pamphlet, Germany in Its Deep Humiliation (Deutschland in seiner tiefsten Erniedrigung), that angered Napoleon. Napoleon ordered his subordinates to try and execute Palm within twenty-four hours. Palm was tried on 26 August 1806 by a French military tribunal, found guilty, and shot within hours of the verdict. Four other book sellers also were tried were not executed. Fichte knew that the same thing could happen to him in publicly speaking out on behalf of the German people. We can see from incidents such as this that Fichte was in the thick of the history of his own time, sometimes riding the wave and sometimes making waves.
Roberta Picardi notes both the derivation and dependence of Fichte’s views from Kant, as well as Fichte’s divergence from Kant:

“Fichte explores the epistemic status and method of history with an aim which is clearly taken from Kant: the purpose of introducing a systematic and scientific method in the infinite field of the empiricism, of which history is a part, together with experimental physics. As we can read in The Characteristics of the Present Age he wants to obtain ‘a sure progress according to rule instead of an uncertain groping in the dark’ from history, i. e., instead of the ‘Herumptappen’ (this is the German word for ‘groping’) that in the second Preface to the Critique of Pure Reason Kant contrasts with the ‘secure path of a science’.”

But the secure path of science isn’t always all that secure, given that there are multiple scientific pathways, and not all pathways lead to the same end. This is the distinction within Fichte’s philosophy of history noted by Angelica Nuzzo:

“Fichte builds his idea of a philosophy of history upon a paradoxical argument. He pushes to the extreme the claim of the bare factual nature of history as a realm of irrational, not-conceptual, and thoroughly contingent reality. Yet he also maintains that philosophical knowledge of history is possible—although neither as deductive, nor conceptual, nor genetic knowledge. Against the fictitious notion of historical Wahrscheinlichkeit (plausibility, probability), Fichte holds on to the notion of ‘historical truth’ and to its ‘logic.’ Despite its radically empirical character, history can be construed a priori.”

Some of the flavor of Fichte’s a priori approach to history can be gained from his primary work on the philosophy of history Characteristics of the Present Age (Der Grundzüge des gegewärtigen Zeitalters, 1806), in which he decomposes history into Five Principal Epochs, based not on historical contingencies, but rather upon human destiny and moral development:

“…we endeavoured to pre-figure the whole Earthly Life of Man by a comprehension of its purpose;— to perceive why our Race had to begin its Existence here, and by this means to describe the whole present Life of humankind:—this is what we wished to do,—it was our first task. There are, according to this view, Five Principal Epochs of Earthly Life, each of which, although taking its rise in the life of the individual, must yet, in order to become an Epoch in the Life of the Race, gradually lay hold of and interpenetrate all Men; and to that end must endure throughout long periods of time, so that the great Whole of Life is spread out into Ages, which sometimes seem to cross, sometimes to run parallel with each other:—1st, The Epoch of the unlimited dominion of Reason as Instinct: —the State of Innocence of the Human Race. 2nd, The Epoch in which Reason as Instinct is changed into an external ruling Authority;—the Age of positive Systems of life and doctrine, which never go back to their ultimate foundations, and hence have no power to convince but on the contrary merely desire to compel, and which demand blind faith and unconditional obedience:—the State of progressive Sin. 3rd, The Epoch of Liberation,—directly from the external ruling Authority—indirectly from the power of Reason as Instinct, and generally from Reason in any form;—the Age of absolute indifference towards all truth, and of entire and unrestrained licentiousness:—the State of completed Sinfulness. 4th, The Epoch of Reason as Knowledge;—the Age in which Truth is looked upon as the highest, and loved before all other things:—the State of progressive Justification. 5th, The Epoch of Reason as Art;—the Age in which Humanity with more sure and unerring hand builds itself up into a fitting image and representative of Reason:—the State of completed Justification and Sanctification. Thus, the whole progress which, upon this view, Humanity makes here below, is only a retrogression to the point on which it stood at first, and has nothing in view save that return to its original condition. But Humanity must make this journey on its own feet; by its own strength it must bring itself back to that state in which it was once before without its own coöperation, and which, for that very purpose, it must first of all leave.”

We can call Fichte’s Five Principal Epochs a “stadial” philosophy of history, since “stadial” refers to stages. In this passage we gain an appreciation of the necessity of the five stages of history as a developmental process that cannot be gotten around: there is no royal road to the end of the history.
In the Second Lecture from Fichte’s Some Lectures Concerning the Scholar’s Vocation, he makes explicit both the a priori developmental history of humanity and the utopian picture of the ultimate end of human development:

“…a very great man has said, life in the state is not one of man’s absolute aims. The state is, instead, only a means for establishing a perfect society, a means which exists only under specific circumstances. Like all those human institutions which are mere means, the state aims at abolishing itself. The goal of all government is to make government superfluous. Though the time has certainly not yet come, nor do I know how many myriads or myriads of myriads of years it may take (here we are not at all concerned with applicability in life, but only with justifying a speculative proposition), there will certainly be a point in the a priori foreordained career of the human species when all civic bonds will become superfluous.”

The editor says in a footnote that the “great man” mentioned was probably an allusion to Kant’s Idea of History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View. We saw in my episode on Kant how Kant saw the teleology of humanity as establishing the perfect civil constitution, though I also speculated that, if we take Kant’s later writings on history in the context of his early pre-critical work on natural history, this Kantian teleology for humanity is nested within a larger cosmological teleology. By my reading, then, Kant is actually the more naturalistic position, while Fichte is the more anthropocentric, and his ideal is a purely spiritual ideal, even an a priori idea. For example, Fichte isn’t in the least interested to even give an estimate of the period of time that will be required for humanity to abolish all government, but he only points out that this is the ultimate end.
Marx also predicted the withering away of the state after communism had been achieved, and Marx, too, emphasized definite stages in human development that would lead to this outcome. With Kant, Fichte, and Marx all predicting the end of formal human governments we might take this prediction as a distinctive feature of a certain class of philosophies of history. Toynbee, too, saw not exactly the end of the state, but the end of universal civilizations, which would cede their place to universal churches, which sounds to me a lot like Kant, Fichte, and Marx anticipating the ultimate abolition of government in a perfect society.
This we can understand as a kind of inverse teleology, in which it is not (or not only) the advent of some future eventuality that is foreseen, but the abolition of some present state-of-affairs in the future as the goal of human development. For Kant, Fichte, Marx, and Toynbee, there is a dual teleological movement, in which some novel state-of-affairs is to unfold, while a present state of affairs is to give way and disappear as the new order comes to replace it. We could call this a stadial philosophy of history, but it is as much a substitutional philosophy of history: one social order is substituted for another; familiar institutions are to be replaced by novel institutions that take their place.
As far as the new institutions are expected to be an improvement over the old, this is also a melioristic philosophy of history. All progressivist philosophies of history are also melioristic, but we can distinguish between gradualistic meliorism, in which iterated reform eventually converges on a perfect society, which could be a finite or an infinitistic process, and stadial meliorism, in which there is a replacement rather than reform of a social order, and this replacement is an improvement.
For a non-stadial, non-teleological philosophy of history, we can turn to Leopold von Ranke, who was critical of Fichte’s five epochs:

“One of the ideas with which philosophy again and again confronts history as an irrefutable claim is that mankind is on an uninterrupted road to progress, in a steady development toward perfection. Fichte, one of the foremost philosophers in this field, assumes five epochs, a world plan as he says – reason ruling through instinct, reason ruling through law, emancipation from the authority of reason, reason as science, and reason as art. If this or a similar scheme were to any extent true, then general history would have to follow the road of progress which the human race followed in the indicated direction from one age to the next. The sole subject matter of history would then be the development of such concepts as they appear and manifest themselves in the world of phenomena. But this is by no means the case. For one thing, the philosophers themselves have extraordinarily varied opinions about the nature and selection of these supposedly ruling ideas. But they very wisely focus only on a few peoples in world history while considering the lives of all the rest as nothing, as a mere supplement. Otherwise it could not be hidden for a moment that from the beginning to this day the peoples of the world have been in the most varied conditions.”

We saw earlier that Fichte by no means argued for an uninterrupted road to progress, but we can set that aside as being of secondary importance. The antagonism between Fichte and Ranke runs deeper. Ranke is often associated with the emergence of historicism, and sometimes he is identified as the source of historicism. Ranke even was willing to express his historicism in theological terms when we said that all ages are equidistant from God. With this view of history as consisting of co-equal periods each with their own integrity it would be difficult, though not impossible, to argue for progress. In Characteristics of the Present Age Fichte rejects the view that an age can be assessed on its own terms:

“Should our view of the Present Age prove to have been a view taken from the standing-point of this Age itself, should the eye which has taken this view have been itself a product of the Age which it has surveyed, then has the Age borne witness to itself and such testimony must be set aside.”

Fichte, then, needs some criterion for his view of the present age other than the present age itself, and he finds it in religion:

“…what has been the nature of this theory, considered in its essential elements, and to what chief department of human thought it has belonged? I answer:—It was a Religious Theory; all our contemplations were Religious contemplations, and our view of things, and the eye which embraced that view, were Religious.”

Fichte goes one better and actually gives a definition of religion in the next paragraph:

“RELIGION consists in regarding and recognising all Earthly Life as a necessary development of the one, original, perfectly good and perfectly blessed Divine Life.”

Both Ranke and Fichte, then, invoke theological sanction for their conception of history, though this conception is starkly different, with Ranke taking each age to be sufficient unto itself, and no less related to the divine than any other age, while Fichte took each age to be dependent upon a larger framework for its meaning. While Ranke the historian insists on the individual uniqueness of each age, while Fichte the philosopher sees each age in relation to the whole of which it is a part. It is the task of Fichte’s Characteristics of the Present Age to provide for his contemporaries this larger framework so that they can understand their place in history, which for Fichte means understanding their place in the moral development of humanity.
Even Fichte’s conception of religion and moral development is strikingly abstract, as we find a little further on in the last chapter of Characteristics of the Present Age: “…Religion is nothing external,—it never clothes itself in any outward manifestation.” And, “…True Religion does not manifest itself outwardly, and does not impel man to any course of external conduct which he would not otherwise have adopted, but that it only completes his true Inward Being and dignity.” This is not necessary an orthodox position, and we’ve already seen how Fichte got himself in trouble with authorities with his views on religion.
It would seem strange to call Fichte’s philosophy of history a providential philosophy of history, as it seems to have little in common with, say, St. Augustine, but by Fichte’s own account, his is a pervasively religious perspective, and his philosophy of history is an account of humanity’s progress toward moral perfection. This progress is a purely inward fulfillment, without any observational consequences, again, by Fichte’s own account. I’ve run into this view in one other thinker, and that is Simone Weil. In my episode on Weil I quoted her criticism of providentialism of a kind that I called vulgar providentialism:

“Divine Providence is not a disturbing influence, an anomaly in the ordering of the world; it is itself the order of the world; or rather it is the regulating principle of this universe. It is eternal Wisdom, unique, spread across the whole universe in a sovereign network of relations.”

I think Fichte would have agreed with this, and with the examples of both Fichte and Weil we can see that there is a place within the conceptual space of philosophy of history for what we could call a pure providential philosophy of history, or, if you like, an a priori providentialism.
Ranke’s criticism of Fichte is predicated upon the necessity of a vulgar providentialism that is reflected in the empirical world. But if, as Fichte said, religion is nothing external, and it does not impel man to any course of external conduct, neither should it impel any course of external conduct on the world. This also resolves the paradoxical argument that Angelica Nuzzo found at the heart of Fichte’s philosophy of history, since the bare factual nature of history can be distinguished from the providentialism that can be construed a priori.

Video Presentation

https://youtu.be/T8eIxZi0LrM
https://www.instagram.com/p/C7LPoSKNdPB/
https://odysee.com/@Geopolicraticus:7/j.-g.-fichte-and-a-priori:6

Podcast Edition

https://spotifyanchor-web.app.link/e/73G2BY64JJb
https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/a31b8276-53cd-4723-b6ad-a39c8faa4572/episodes/306a6446-d4d7-4e24-a447-c89fd310d7a2/today-in-philosophy-of-history-j-g-fichte-and-a-priori-providentialism
https://www.iheart.com/podcast/269-today-in-philosophy-of-his-146507578/episode/j-g-fichte-and-a-priori-177816272/
​

Husband fell out of love with me
I'm posting anonymously as this is very humiliating and just not something I'm ready to discuss with anyone I know as of yet. I'm sorry if this is really long but I need advise and to just get all of this off of my chest. Will most likely delete later.
I (26f) have known my husband (28m) since we were young children. We grew up together for a while and then separated for over a decade when our families moved. I moved to a different part of town while he and his family moved to another town and hour and a half away. We hadn't spoken or seen each other until he managed to find me on social media when I was 21. I had been in an emotionally and mentally abusive relationship at the time and was having a hard time finding my way out of that situation. When he messaged me I initially didn't even recognize him or his name. I was just going to leave him on read. But my curiosity got the better of me and I decided to go back and look at his page and that was when I recognized him. He helped me muster the courage I needed to break out of the turmultuious relationship I had been in and then drove an hour and a half just to see me. That meant a lot to me at the time. Shortly after we began our relationship and I quickly fell pregnant. We kept witnessing strange things that hardly felt like coincidences and had both come to the agreement that they we signs from the universe that we were on the correct path.
Fast forward to now. We have been together for almost 5 years and married for 3 after next week. We have two very young children together and have weathered many hardships as a couple in this time. In the beginning all was well. My husband still tried. He put in effort where he could. He watched me battle post partum depression after a very traumatic birth experience with our first child. Almost two years later we fell pregnant with our second which I was very apprehensive about because of the troubles I had in my first pregnancy. Things started changing with him after I became pregnant again (which I forget to mention he was initially very happy and excited about) his demeanor toward me had subtly started to change.
He stopped being as loving and affectionate. He seemed annoyed or indifferent to when I was upset or struggling internally. If I was crying or having a hard time he would just walk straight by me not even batting an eye. Before I had our second I lost one of my sisters unexpectedly and still am having a hard time handling the grief. When my sister passed away my husband offered me no condolences or emotional support what so ever. I was forced to face my grief alone. I've tried communicating with him about the way I've been feeling but he is completely emotionally closed off. I began to notice that the man I had married was a very emotionally unavailable person and I had tried to suggest seeking help to work through his communication issues and emotional unavailability but he is heavily against seeing a professional. He refuses still to this day to work on himself as a person at all.
Since having our second child we moved back to the town his family is from. We live in a home, my husband found a new job that he has to get up very early for and works very long hours through the week. When I would bring up how neglected I felt by him he would chalk it up to just being "too tired" "too sore" "too stressed". He puts absolutely no effort into our marriage at all. It's not the example of marriage I want set for our children let alone the fact that it eats away at me, makes me wonder if there is something wrong with me, and leaves me feeling unwanted, unloved, and like I don't matter at all. It makes it hard for me to be the mother I want to be. I find myself always overstimulated, and I feel like I'm constantly pouring from an empty cup.
I'm sure a lot of you will say "sounds like he's cheating" but I'm ashamed to admit that I have checked his phone, he never hides it from me. I found absolutely nothing on it and when he's not working he's always home with us. Just off on his own working on our house or only spending time with the kids or sleeping as he has to be up early. So if he is cheating he must be a professional at it cause he covers his tracks very well.
That brings me to recently. I've had this dull feeling in the pit of my stomach that I have found myself in a loveless marriage. I've been changing my appearance and dressing nicer. Doing my hair and make up more. And it doesn't seem to make a difference to him. Everyday I can feel depression quickly consuming me. I'm falling deeper and deeper into a place I've been working very hard to heal from and not fall back into. But now here I am. My husband's been slightly mean to me with some of the comments he's made about my appearance lately. making me feel completely unlovable and worthless. Everyday that passes without any kind of affection from him has built up in me and finally last night I was so upset. That knawing feeling in the pit of my stomach that something was amiss In my marriage I could no longer surpress. I've been having troubles sleeping. I can barely eat. My body dismorphia is coming back as well as eating disorders I used to have.
Last night I just couldnt sleep. I was so restless with the feeling of being trapped in a loveless marriage I couldn't stop my mind from racing. I finally fell asleep on the couch at about 6 am and dreamt that I had confronted my husband about my gut feeling to which he admitted he didn't love me in the dream. I woke up feeling distraught because of it. My husband was already up, tending to the kids acting as though everything was fine when I couldn't hold it in anymore. I finally confronted him. I told him about the gut feeling I had and asked him if he still loved me. He said he did. I rephrased the question and asked if he was IN love with me. That's when he looked down and fell silent. My heart plummeted and I began shaking feeling as though my life was crumbling around me. I then asked him if he wasn't in love with me, then was he in love with someone else to which he replied no and seemed sincere about that. I asked him why he had fallen out of love with me and he said because he sometimes felt like I wasn't pulling enough weight with chores. (Which may I add I may not get everything done in a day while tending to young hyperactive kids but I do make sure everyday that he does come house to all the toys picked up and floors swept and vacuumed if anything. And I try to get as many dishes done as I can with kids pulling on my pant sleeves.) So I'm not sure if I believe that to be the true reason. I asked where he wanted to go from here. Did he want me to take the kids and leave and let him pick up where he had left off from before we ever got together or if he wanted me to stay and try to fix our relationship. He said he wished for me to stay and we work on our marriage. I suggested couples counseling and he immediately shot it down saying we could work it out ourselves to which I asked how and then he shrugged and said, verbatim, " I figured you'd just read a book". That was when I got angry. At that moment I knew he wants me to be the one to figure out how to get him to fall back love with me. which in turn means he will not be willing to put any work into actually fixing our marriage. Even after all of this he still won't hardly communicate, still not being affectionate, hell he still hasn't even apologized or shown any remorse for hurting me so deeply.
I'm now at a loss. I'm so hurt by this. I'm humiliated, I feel betrayed. I have so many doubts about him in this moment. I've let him know that I'm not just going to be able to get over this. I severely dissociated after his revelation of no long being in love with me. I'm so upset because I do love him still and have sacrificed everything for him. Absolutely everything. Almost my life included. I told him I'm having a hard time deciding whether I'm going to stay or go. Frankly I just want to disappear from this world.
Does anyone have any insight? What should I do?
TL;DR: My husband of almost 3 years has admitted to falling out of love with me but says he wants to still try to work it out and save our marriage, while simultaneously proving unwilling to put any work into salvaging the relationship at the same time. I'm very hurt by his admission of no longer being in love with me and don't think I can move past this. What should I do?

Meron akong idea na para syang phone book ng mga plate number ng mga sasakyan ng kakilala ko. Example. Picture of Vehicle :(Select a Photo)(Take a Picture) Owner: Uncle Ben Plate Number: XRT 565 Brand: Toyota Vehicle Type: Sedan/SUV/Truck/Van/Motorcycle Color: Glossy Red Year Model: 2010 Fuel: Gasoline/Diesel/Electric

We have been together for 11 years, married for 5. We have been through two rounds of marriage counseling, both of which were not productive, mostly because he was unwilling to do the things they suggested. Examples: book recommendation; he refuses to read. Planning a date night once and awhile for me since I handle that all the time; he never did.
He says I’m not “nice” enough or I expect too much. He is extremely disengaged. I know his job is taxing but I’m the bread winner, handle the majority of the housework, handle all the planning, and generally let the man live his life.
When I bring up the idea of divorce, he freaks out, and constantly mentions if I just lower my “crazy” standards, we’d be fine.
I feel like a roommate, a weekend friend to him, a doormat.

Roger Ebert is my favorite movie critic. I read his reviews and his blog entries regularly before he died in 2013, and I was truly heartbroken by his death. Ebert is a major inspiration to me both as a filmgoer and as a writer. That being said, he had some opinions that I strongly disagreed with. He gave one of my favorite movies, To Kill a Mockingbird, 2.5 stars for the bizarre reason that it was allegedly an unrealistic 1960s liberal fantasy of what race relations should be like. In particular he criticized the scene, which is straight from Harper Lee's book, where Scout discourages a lynch mob from killing Tom Robinson. At the same time, Ebert was happy to give rave 4 star reviews to movies like The Birth of a Nation and Triumph of the Will even though they advocate for racism, race-based violence, and either terrorism or Nazism respectively. Surely those movies represent views on history and race that are more unrealistic than anything in To Kill a Mockingbird, so why does Ebert apply such a stark double standard? I understand that for a long time The Birth of a Nation and Triumph of the Will were sacred cows of cinema that (white) critics appreciated more for their contributions to moviemaking than the actual content of those films, but Ebert had such a self-righteous and condemnatory tone in his review of To Kill a Mockingbird that I couldn't help but view his review as hypocritical.
Ebert also gave A Clockwork Orange and Full Metal Jacket negative reviews, he consistently hated all of David Lynch's movies before The Straight Story (which he gave 4 stars), and he gave The Godfather Part II only 3 stars in his initial review. (In his later 4 star review, he said that he would not change a word of his original review).
I am not saying any of this to make Ebert look bad, I am just saying that I don't agree with these specific opinions by someone who I hold in high regard. What are some examples where you disagreed with your favorite critic's take on a particular movie?

Some of the commenters during Sunday's Stream mentioned the global campaign to bring federal lawsuits and petitions against videogame publishers who intentionally sabotage the functionality of videogames when the servers shut down. They wanted Ludwig to do a Mogul Mail about it. I wasn't 1 of those commenters, nor am I a representative spearheading this initiative, but I am somewhat familiar with what's going on and wanted to explain it here to see if others are interested. So what is going on?

The Crew

The videogame "The Crew", published by Ubisoft, was recently destroyed for all players and had a playerbase of at least 12 million people. Due to the game's size and France's strong consumer protection laws, this represents one of the best opportunities to hold a publisher accountable for this action. If we are successful in charges being pressed against Ubisoft, this can have a ripple effect on the videogames industry to prevent publishers from destroying more games.

Source
More about "The Crew" Specifically
This includes both physical and digital versions of the game, by the way, as the game cannot function without pinging to the now offline servers, making it completely nonfunctional.

The Petition

Official government petitions have been introduced to prohibit the practice of intentionally rendering commercial videogames inoperable when support ends. Currently, petitions for the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia have been launched and will soon be open for signing. Plans are also underway for the European Union, but will unfortunately be delayed due to processing times. Further government petitions may be started later with enough assistance.

You can go to the website https://www.stopkillinggames.com and click "take action here" to sign a petition for your country. Depending on the country you're in, you may have to have actually owned the game "the crew" in order to sign, but regardless it's important to understand this increasingly prevalent issue and bring awareness to it.
Here's a video about the initiative from its founder
Here's Accursed Farms's latest update.

Erasing Videogames and History

This ties into another videogame-related issue. Most videogames cannot be legally obtained anymore.

Only 13 percent of classic video games published in the United States are currently in release (n = 1500, ±2.5%, 95% CI). These low numbers are consistent across platform ecosystems and time periods. Troublingly, the reissue rate drops below 3 percent for games released prior to 1985—the foundational era of video games—indicating that the interests of the marketplace may not align with the needs of video game researchers. Our experiences gathering data for this study suggest that these problems will intensify over time due to a low diversity of reissue sources and the long-term volatility of digital game storefronts.

Video about the study.
But Nintendo has like 20 N64 games available on Nintendo Online so....

A Symptom of a Wider Problem

Videogame companies are doing what all companies have been trying to do for years now: stop you from owning anything, and requiring you to rent everything.
Ubisoft’s Director of Subscriptions Phillippe Tremblay said: “...gamers are used to, a little bit like DVD, having and owning their games. That’s the consumer shift that needs to happen. They got comfortable not owning their CD collection or DVD collection. That’s a transformation that’s been a bit slower to happen in games.” Source. Video talking about it
They don't want you to own your games. They want to be able to take away the thing you "purchased", destroy it so it no longer works, and force you to buy something new.
GamePass
Gamepass is literally exactly what the corporate overlords are trying to push the entire industry toward: rentiership of all videogames. "Games as a Service" is a fraud.
It's not just videogames
Whenever you "buy" an ebook or movie from, say, Apple, Amazon, Google, etc., or a videogame from Steam, Sony, etc., you don't actually own that piece of digital media. You are renting the product and getting a perpetual license. That license can be revoked at any time for any reason by the company and you will have the thing you "bought" revoked.
This has happened a lot over the years. For example: Telstra.

...[Telstra] announced it would shut down the service in June. Customers were told that unless they moved over to another service, Fetch, they would no longer be able to access the films and TV shows they had bought.
This isn’t simply a case of Netflix removing Friends from the service when a content agreement runs out. These were films and shows people had bought with the expectation they could watch them whenever they wanted – indefinitely.
Vicki Russell posted on X last week saying she was being asked by Telstra to pay $200 for Fetch to retain access to what she said was $2,500-worth of purchases.

Source, fantastic video talking about article
Microsoft Book Store
In 2019, Microsoft shut down their ebook store, erasing all customers' books from their devices. Fortunately, Microsoft offered a refund for the books purchased. Something they did to not raise customer ire, not because they were legally required to do so.
They are able to completely erase the books the customers "bought" because of Digital Rights Management (DRM)

"One of the things that I think people don't realize that's crucially important is that DRM and related software tools are embedded in all sorts of devices that we buy," Aaron Perzanowski, the author of The End of Ownership: Personal Property in the Digital Economy, tells NPR's Lulu Garcia-Navarro.
"Your car, your smart home appliances, your home security system – all of these systems have software that allows for this kind of control over how the devices are used, and I think we're going to see these same sorts of situations crop up in the context of physical devices that are being used in people's homes."
"As this technology has been deployed what we've seen is that the big beneficiaries of DRM have not been copyright holders. They have been technology companies like Amazon, like Microsoft, who are able to control these ecosystems to make it harder for consumers to switch over to new platforms."

Source
Sony
TV Shows "purchased" through the Play Station store were slated to be erased according to an announcement in December 2023. However, do to the immense and justified backlash, they reneged for now.
Apple
Apple can remove a movie from the App Store and, in some cases, make it impossible for you to access your "purchased" version if you don't have it downloaded. Source
Amazon
In 2020, a Class Action Lawsuit was filed against Amazon for this very reason. "Caudel v Amazon"

The plaintiff claimed that Amazon misleads customers about the reality of what it means to “purchase” a video through the site. Allegedly, the company is aware that customers will believe that purchasing a video gives them unlimited access to it because that is the usual understanding of the word “buy.”

The case was dismissed out of the California Federal Court due to lack of standing). Source.

These Terms of Use expressly state that purchasers obtain only a limited license to view video content and that purchased content may become unavailable due to provider license restriction or other reasons.

AKA: You don't own anything.
Source
More on the lawsuit. The legal filing. Dismissal
This phenomenon is part of what is known as "rentism", "rentier capitalism" or "techno-economic rentiership". It goes far beyond just movies and videogames, but this is getting a bit far afield from what one might expect from a standard Mogul Mail, so I won't dive deeper into that aspect of the subject, but you can google those terms and phrases to find some fun reading.

I forgot to tie this into the "Right to Repair" but this post is getting too long.

Can't even fix the stuff you own. Do you even really own it?
Tractors.
Ludwig, if you're reading this, please do a Mogul Mail about this topic; at least the videogame stuff. You can use all of these sources I've compiled and you don't need to credit me for the compilation. I don't care. This is important and more people should know.

Hello! I've seen that a lot of people are confused about ENFJs and how exactly we work, and considering that there are many websites with different —even contradictory— concepts and definitions of ENFJ, I wanted to provide one closer to what Carl Jung first described in Psychological Types in 1921. I hope this will help people gain a wider perspective of our type, and clear up some associated misconceptions.
But, before we begin, there are some concepts and questions that need to be addressed first:
❓ Are websites like 16 Personalities reliable? What about tests?
📣 No, they aren't. 16 Personalities has wildly different concepts about types, and most importantly: while it's not outright stated, their personality model isn't based on jungian functions or the types Myers-Briggs described in Gifts Differing in 1980. Their test and type description is based on the Big Five personality model, which is something else on its own. You can check this in more detail on their FAQ page. If you used 16p to discover your type, there's a high chance it may not be the same type as what Jung or Myers-Briggs describe in their respective books. Other websites and tests may also handle different concepts, so take their results with a grain of salt.
❓ If tests and websites are unreliable, how can I be sure of my type?
📣 By reading! I'm afraid that there isn't a quick shortcut to instantly know yourself and what type best fits you. Knowing your type is a journey in itself, full of self-reflection and doubt. It's hard, but very rewarding. However, if you are doing this just for fun, feel free to take any popular tests floating around.
❓ I am friendly and outgoing, but sometimes I need space. Am I INFJ or ENFJ?
📣 Social extraversion/introversion and cognitive extraversion/introversion are two different things. Jung managed his concepts and descriptions of different psychological phenomena and gave them different meanings from what we're familiar with. I know, it's confusing. But I'll do my best to clear up what he actually meant later on, so don't worry!
❓ Where are you getting all this information?
📣 Psychological Types, by Carl Jung. I also have Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type by Isabel Briggs Myers with Peter B. Myer, however, I am not fond of Myers-Briggs' interpretation of Jung's writings. In my opinion, it's an oversimplified version of types and functions, and she displayed an obvious intuitive bias in her book. Another book that's popular is Lectures on Jung's Typology by Marie-Louise von Franz, who also worked together with Jung to describe types and functions. However, be warned: by her own admission, she dislikes Fe-dom types and her description of ExFJ is rather insulting, so expect some bias as well.
Before we begin talking about what is ENFJ, we have to understand Jung's word salad and what he meant with all these concepts and descriptions. It takes a lot of patience and effort to understand Psychological Types, because as you may know (or not!), psychology is a relatively new science, and many of its roots come from philosophy, anthropology, and even religion. Jung refers to a lot of other authors, philosophers, and other literary figures to describe what he believed were "personality types".
What was the goal with all this? Well, Carl Jung was a Swiss psychoanalyst, and by associating certain patterns of behavior with different mental illnesses, he aimed to make their diagnosis easier for other psychiatrists. So, understandably, Psychological Types is full of technical language that may be hard to understand for anyone who isn't already familiar with the field of psychology. This is why a lot of other websites and other authors, while relying on Jung to describe types, tend to water down concepts and inevitably miss some important context that can't be properly explained until you take the effort to read the entire thing. That's why we have like 10 different descriptions of the same type or functions floating around.
Jung associated Fe-types like ENFJ or ESFJ with hysteria. Of course, this was back in the 19th century, and the target of this diagnosis was almost always women. Thankfully, it's no longer an official mental illness.
⚠️ An important consideration: most of the original texts that laid the foundation for MBTI to exist are from the early 19th century. Expect a lot of sexism and traditional gender roles.

"It may seem superfluous to the reader if I add a special chapter on definitions of terms to the text of my study. However, I have had ample experience of the fact that it is precisely in psychological works that one cannot be careful enough with terms and expressions, since it is precisely in the field of psychology, as nowhere else, that the greatest variations of terms occur, which often give rise to the most stubborn misunderstandings." Jung, Carl. Psychological Types (p. 476).

I will not be listing every single concept, because it'd take the entirety of this post and even more to explain what everything means. I'll list the most common ones that show up when describing types.
🫂 Extravertion and Intravertion:

"If we look at the course of a human life, we see how the destinies of one person are more conditioned by the objects of his interests, while the destinies of another are more conditioned by his own inner being, by his subject. As we all deviate somewhat more to one side or the other, we are naturally inclined to understand everything in terms of our own type." Jung, Carl. Psychological Types (p. 4)

As I said before, extraversion and introversion have different meanings in this area, so when we talk about an extraverted type, we mean to say that it's a type whose dominant function is an extraverted one. To understand better what is an extraverted function, we need to have two vital concepts in mind: subject and object.
🌎 The object, in this concept, is anything that exists outside your mind: it may be the world, it may be people, it may be experiences, it may be sensations, anything that is not inherently part of you. It may be what's happening in your environment, or the environment in itself. It's the external, that which exists without needing any additional interpretation or guessing.
👤 The subject is you. Your mind, your feelings, your values, your logic, your impressions, your subjective interpretation of ideas or people or what's happening around you. Anything that is purely personal, be it your inner understanding of how things fit together, your interpretation of a painting, your like or dislike of a song, etc. Your subjective experiences or thoughts, that's the subject.
In a way, it's you, the subject vs. the world, the object. Of course, there's much more to this, but this is the easiest way I can explain it. You'll see these two concepts popping around because they're the very foundation of functions.

"But every human being possesses both mechanisms, extraversion and introversion, and only the relative predominance of one or the other determines the type." Jung, Carl. Psychological Types (p. 5).

Extraversion and Introversion, as I was saying before, are defined by what's your disposition towards the external world vs. the inner self. If your decisions are mostly influenced by what's happening outside your mind, then we are talking about an extrovert. If your decisions are influenced by your own inner world, regardless of what's happening outside of it, then we talk about an introvert.

"If the orientation towards the object and the objectively given prevails in such a way that the most frequent and most important decisions and actions are not conditioned by subjective views but by objective conditions, we speak of an extraverted attitude. If this is habitual, we speak of an extraverted type. If someone thinks, feels and acts, in a word, lives in a way that directly corresponds to objective circumstances and their requirements, in both a good and a bad sense, then they are extraverted. He lives in such a way that it is obvious that the object as a determining factor plays a greater role in his consciousness than his subjective view. Certainly he has subjective views, but their determining power is less than that of external objective conditions." Jung, Carl. Psychological Types (pp. 384-385).

It's important to know that Jung initially described only four functions: Feeling, Thinking, Intuition, and Sensing. These functions would be either extraverted or introverted depending on how they relate to the external, objective world vs. the inner, subjective world. For example, Extraverted Feeling (Fe) is an extraverted feeling function because it favors the external feeling environment over more personal, subjective feelings that only belong to the subject.
In contrast, the introvert prefers to make decisions based on their inner self, on their personal views and convictions, regardless of what's happening around them. Someone whose function is introverted will not value the outside world a lot, and feels like is a threat to them:

"The introvert has an abstract attitude towards the object; basically, he is always anxious to withdraw his libido from the object, as if he had to prevent the object from overpowering him." Jung, Carl. Psychological Types (p. 380).

Now that we have some basic concepts cleared out, I hope understanding the Extraverted Feeling type is a bit easier. I want to start by how Jung described Fe:

"Feeling in the extraverted attitude is oriented towards the objectively given, i.e. the object is the indispensable determinant of the way of feeling. It is in accordance with objective values. Whoever knows feeling only as a subjective fact will not readily understand the nature of extraverted feeling, because extraverted feeling has freed itself as far as possible from the subjective factor and has instead subjected itself entirely to the influence of the object." Jung, Carl. Psychological Types (p. 411).

❗️We have to understand here that feelings are not emotions. Under this context, feeling is what we either accept or reject, what we value or not, how do we feel about something. An emotion, in this context, is something that causes a bodily response: if you feel angry, your heartbeat increases, your arms shake, and your face turns red. If you feel sad, you'll start crying and shaking. If you feel happy, your heartbeat increases and you smile. In contrast, just liking or disliking something may or may not make you react in any way. For example, let's say that you have an intense dislike of a celebrity. You don't start shaking and crying just because you dislike that celebrity. But what if you're a fan of a certain band? If you listen to one of their songs, you may start feeling happy. In both of these cases, we have two concepts floating around: a "feeling" (disliking a celebrity or liking a band) and an "emotion" that may be a reaction to that feeling (feeling happy when listening to your favorite band).
Feeling types usually have this misconception going around that we're emotional wrecks and can't think logically. This misunderstanding comes from the confusion that Feeling means being emotional. And while a feeling can give rise to an emotion, it's not emotion in itself, these are two different things. To put it simply: Feelings are values, and emotions are reactions to those values.
Now, to continue on how Jung described Fe, he gave a great example of how this type of Feeling is influenced by the outside world:

"I can feel compelled to use the predicate "beautiful" or "good", not because I find the object "beautiful" or "good" out of subjective feeling, but because it is appropriate to call it "beautiful" or "good"; and appropriate insofar as a judgment to the contrary would somehow disturb the general emotional situation. Such an appropriate emotional judgment is by no means a simulation or even a lie, but an act of fitting in. Thus, for example, a painting may be called "beautiful" because a painting hung in a salon and signed with a well-known name is generally assumed to be "beautiful", or because the predicate "ugly" could offend the family of the happy owner, or because the intention on the part of the visitor is to create a pleasant emotional atmosphere, for which it is necessary that everything is felt to be pleasant. Such feelings are directed according to objective determinants. As such, they are genuine and represent the entire visible feeling function." Jung, Carl. Psychological Types (pp. 411-412).

A common misunderstanding surrounding Fe, and by extension Fe types, is that Fe is by nature insincere and fake, and that we're double-faced and superficial. But I think of it differently: if your friend got a bad haircut and they look terrible, is it dishonest to say that it isn't that bad if it comes from an honest intention of not wanting to hurt their feelings over something they can't change? Do you always need to tell people what you think, regardless of how it may affect them? I think honesty without kindness is just cruelty.
But, moving on!

"The evaluations made through the act of feeling correspond either directly to objective values or at least to certain traditional and generally accepted standards of value. It is largely due to this kind of feeling that so many people go to the theater or to a concert or to church with properly measured positive feelings. It is also to thank for the fashions, and what is far more valuable, the positive and widespread support of social, philanthropic and other cultural endeavors. In these things, extraverted feeling proves to be a creative factor. Without this feeling, for example, beautiful and harmonious sociability is unthinkable. In this respect, extraverted feeling is just as beneficial and rational a power as extraverted thinking." Jung, Carl. Psychological Types (p. 412)

To me, Fe represents that desire for human connection, to feel community, to think about others. We live in an age where hyperindividualism is encouraged everywhere, to care about yourself only, to isolate and disregard anyone who doesn't make you feel good. If that kind of mindset is pushed constantly by corporations and influencers, a lot of people will have a hard time understanding something like Fe, since it opposes everything hyperindividualism stands for. It's frustrating, but I think it's also not surprising to see a lot of people in the MBTI community having an intense dislike of Fe types, especially Fe-dom types, because of this. The idea that only you, as an individual, matter, is so prevalent that for some people, caring about something other than yourself is just dumb.
⚠️ Another thing to take in mind is that Jung determines the dominant function by what we value the most. By this, it means that your intention is what matters, not the results. For example, a socially awkward person can be an ENFJ as long as they value the outside feeling environment over everything else, no matter how clumsy they may be at it. We tend to think of ENFJ as mind-readers, masters of socialization, or community leaders, and it certainly can be the case! But, just as the ENFJ can be a well-loved, charismatic therapist, it can also be the nervous shrinking violet who awkwardly tries to please people around them. We often make the mistake of measuring someone's preference of a function by how "skilled" they are at it, by how much positive results come from them using that function, when in reality, you can be an absolute dimwit and still be a Ti-dom. Your dominant function is always the one that dictates your decisions, regardless of the results of those decisions.
Now, as with all functions, Extraverted Feeling has its dark side.

"However, this beneficial effect is lost as soon as the object gains excessive influence. In this case, the overly extraverted feeling draws the personality too much into the object, i.e. the object assimilates the person, whereby the personal character of the feeling, which is its main stimulus, is lost. This makes the feeling cold, objective and untrustworthy. It betrays a secret intention, or at least arouses such suspicions in the unbiased observer. It no longer makes that pleasant and refreshing impression which always accompanies a genuine feeling, but one senses posturing or acting, when perhaps the egocentric intention is still quite unconscious." Jung, Carl. Psychological Types (pp. 412-413).

It's possible to care too much. When Fe gains excessive influence over the psyche, it places so much value on harmonious relationships that it comes at the detriment of the subject. Unhealthy Fe demands that you adapt to every single social environment, to make sure to please everyone, and to sacrifice your personhood in favor of the external feeling world. This is why the unhealthy Fe user comes across as fake and dishonest: it's impossible to be a different person to fit in with different social settings without sacrificing your integrity.

"Since situations in life constantly alternate with one another, triggering different or even contrasting emotional tones, the personality dissolves into just as many different feelings. One time you are one thing, the next time something completely different - apparently, because in reality such a diversity of personality is impossible." Jung, Carl. Psychological Types (p. 415).

When we talk about types turning unhealthy or acting in erratic or destructive ways, we also have to talk about their inferior function. After all, is your inferior function that keeps your dominant function in check, so to speak. Your inferior function is a sensible counterpart that, while it opposes your dominant function, it provides a different perspective, like another voice that says "yes, but..." to anything you say. This is the role of Introverted Thinking (Ti).
❗️Contrary to popular belief, inferior Ti is not when you lack intelligence, logic, or intellect. To begin with, Thinking isn't related to intelligence. It can lead to it, but just like Feeling can lead to emotions, it ultimately isn't emotions in itself. In the same way, Thinking can lead to intelligence, but it isn't intelligence in itself. It's a process of thought, not the result of that thought. For example, you can think about a math problem, but that thinking may not necessarily lead to a correct answer.
The relationship between the dominant function and the inferior function is the most important one. If the balance between the two functions is disturbed, it leads to destructive or toxic behaviors, or as how Jung called it, neurosis. So what is the relationship between Ti and Fe?

"You can only feel "right" if nothing else disturbs your feelings. But nothing disturbs feeling as much as thinking. It is therefore easy to understand why thinking is suppressed as much as possible in this type of person. This is by no means to say that such a woman does not think at all; on the contrary, she may think a great deal and very intelligently, but her thinking is never sui generis, but an epimetheic appendage of her feeling. As far as feeling permits, she can think very well, but any conclusion, however logical, which might lead to a result disturbing to feeling, is rejected a limine. It is simply not thought." Jung, Carl. Psychological Types (p. 414)

Thinking is the opposing force to Feeling. And for a type that values Feeling the most, it's only to be expected that it tries to suppress Thinking the most. If a logical thought has the power to disturb the social harmony, the average or unhealthy ENFJ will do their best to pretend it isn't there. But it's impossible to completely suppress a part of your mind. The thoughts that you're desperately trying to push away, will always come back in different forms:

"Unconscious thinking reaches the surface in the form of ideas, often of an obsessive nature, whose general character is always negative and devaluing. There are therefore moments in women of this type when the worst thoughts attach themselves to the very objects that the feeling values most highly. Negative thinking makes use of all infantile prejudices or comparisons that are suitable for casting doubt on the value of feelings, and it draws on all primitive instincts in order to be able to explain feelings as "nothing but". Jung, Carl. Psychological Types (p. 417).

By this, Jung means that the suppressed Ti will leak out in the form of harsh criticism, prejudice, or comparing people according to unreasonable expectations of them, destroying the previously positive feelings about them. Basically, Ti will turn destructive, making the usually pleasant ENFJ assume the worst out of someone.
All of the above paints a picture of a dishonest, paranoid, and troubled ENFJ. They're desperate to win people over, to make everyone happy, but they have lost themselves in this desire and sacrificed their integrity to the point they sound hollow, they lack substance, and the more they try, the less convincing they are. At the same time, their inferior Ti makes them think all sorts of terrible things about the people around them, and they start doubting their relationships and the sincerity of the people they love.
🫂 I will be making a part two later describing Ni from Jung's perspective and how to tell ENFJ and INFJ apart. Ni is kind of tricky to describe, especially as an auxiliary function, but I'm sure it'll help a lot of people who may be confused about their type! Also, the majority of what I described above can be applied to the ENFJ's sensor counterpart, ESFJ. And as I said before, Jung only described four functions and eight personality types, which later expanded to 16 personality types under Myers-Briggs system, therefore there isn't a "function stack" to speak of right now, but I can do my best to describe the closest thing we have to it from Psychological Types.
I hope this was helpful. Thank you for reading! 💖

Dijkstr food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food. Hippocrates.
A man who dares to waste one hour of has not discovered the value of time. Charles Darwin
Fortune favours the prepared mind Loius Pasteur
Trust yourself , you know more than you know. Benjamin Spock.
Its necessary to be slightly underemployed if you want to do something significant. James D. Watson
Simplicity is the prerequisite for reliability. Edsger Dijkstra
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