The more conspiracist someone in New Zealand is, the more likely they are to bring up Zimbabwe. I know that because I have a cooker in my family, and by god, you’d think the place was his home country for the amount he talks about it. But it’s become a real conspiracy for the right, and an angle from verified bad actor accounts that was modded out of this sub at our beginning.
And the reason why there’s a direct correlation between conspiracists and Zimbabwe stans is that you can’t help but notice their fears of history repeating fall apart somewhat when you actually look into it. For a start, you can blame one person for the deaths and economic devastation caused by Mugabe, and that Tony Blair, because he kicked the whole thing off when he walked back Thatcher’s promise of 50% of the compensation for white landowners. Thatcher did like one decent thing and Blair came in and messed it up. Not without context. But through its entire history, it is the UK’s choices and the choices of her colonial government there that spur change and negative outcomes in Zimbabwe.
Zimbabwe was first thought to be mineral rich at its early 1890 settlement, and a lot of money was put into getting prospectors to Southern Rhodesia. When this return didn’t eventuate, land was given to the settlers instead in hope their farming could become productive enough to cover the settlements continuing administrative costs. By 1986 they had distributed 16 million hectares, a sixth of Southern Rhodesia, and by 1917, this was up to 21.5 million hectares. However, this expanse of farming would cause friction of land rights and grazing rights with the two resident groups already living there. Cattle in the region expanded from about 60 000, owned mostly by the preexisting Ndebele and Shona peoples, to up to 2 million split evenly between both groups, leading to overgrazing and land competition.
The solution in the 1930s by the colonial government was a segregated land distribution method split into five parts, with the best 3/5 being reserved for white owners and the much more unusable remainder of the land being split amongst black land owners — despite them being greater in number than white people. White people had so much productive land they literally couldn’t farm it all, while the remaining Tribal Trust land was still being overfarmed, forcing black Rhodesians to seek work in cities and the colonial government to introduce forced destocking measures (sell or slaughter excess animals), as well as putting aside 7.2 million more acres for native farmers to purchase.
The 50s saw attempts at redistribution that ultimately failed and authority for this would then be vested the traditional tribal leaders.
The beginning of the 60s were an attempt to introduce a semblance of actual land parity, splitting the land 50/50 with whites and blacks — unfortunately this didn’t work very well because black people greatly outnumbered white people, and the fertile land was still just given to whites. Abuses of the system also saw white people legally shift their boundaries to claim black land resulting in evictions that would create Nationalist sympathies leading to the following war.
60s-70s was the Rhodesian Bush War between three groups, one of them being the colonial government, and resulting in Mugabe taking power. He was left juggling the land issue along with the cohesion of his new coalition. Farmer workers had fled to cities during the fighting and been organised into guarded settlements following state suppression of armed conflicts. More land was made available to purchase by people of any race, and then race-based ownership was abolished completely in 1979. Despite this, white farmers owned 73% of fertile land and contributed 80% of agricultural output.
Under a doctrine of willing buyer, willing seller for at least ten years, the US and the UK agreed to finance part of the redistribution costs, and Southern Rhodesia was recognised as finally-independent Zimbabwe. However, land inequality and erosion of black land due to forced overfarming continued, but white-owned commercial farms were reduced by about 20% by 1987, and progress was continued into the 90s. However corruption issues began to emerge with land and leases going to Mugabe’s family and political associates as well as other powerful people. Donor and investor states became concerned with who was benefitting, heightened when Mugabe took powers to supersede the courts. He held that land was a political matter only, not judicial.
British opinion in funding this programme would deteriorate, until the Short and the then-Labour government would deny their obligation to support the redistribution programme.

I should make it clear that we do not accept that Britain has a special responsibility to meet the costs of land purchase in Zimbabwe. We are a new government from diverse backgrounds without links to former colonial interests. My own origins are Irish and, as you know, we were colonised, not colonisers.

In June 1998, the Zimbabwe government published its "policy framework" on the Land Reform and Resettlement Programme Phase II (LRRP II), which envisaged the compulsory purchase over five years of 50,000 square kilometres from the 112,000 square kilometres owned by white commercial farmers, public corporations, churches, non-governmental organisations and multinational companies. Broken down, the 50,000 square kilometres meant that every year between 1998 and 2003, the government intended to purchase 10,000 square kilometres for redistribution.
In September 1998, the government called a donors conference in Harare on LRRP II to inform the donor community and involve them in the program: Forty-eight countries and international organisations attended and unanimously endorsed the land program, saying it was essential for poverty reduction, political stability and economic growth. They agreed that the inception phase, covering the first 24 months, should start immediately, particularly appreciating the political imperative and urgency of the proposal.
The Commercial Farmers Union freely offered to sell the government 15,000 square kilometres for redistribution, but landowners once again dragged their feet. In response to moves by the National Constitutional Assembly, a group of academics, trade unionists and other political activists, the government drafted a new constitution. The draft was discussed widely by the public in formal meetings and amended to include restrictions on presidential powers, limits to the presidential term of office, and an age limit of 70 for presidential candidates. This was not seen as a suitable outcome for the government, so the proposals were amended to replace those clauses with one to compulsorily acquire land for redistribution without compensation. The opposition mostly boycotted the drafting stage of the constitution claiming that this new version was to entrench Mugabe politically.
Guerrilla veterans of the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) and Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) began to emerge as a radical force in the land issue around this time. The guerrillas forcefully presented their position that white-owned land in Zimbabwe was rightfully theirs, on account of promises made to them during the Rhodesian Bush War. Calls for accelerated land reform were also echoed by an affluent urban class of black Zimbabweans who were interested in making inroads into commercial farming, with public assistance.
The government held a referendum on the new constitution on 12–13 February 2000, despite having a sufficiently large majority in parliament to pass any amendment it wished. Had it been approved, the new constitution would have empowered the government to acquire land compulsorily without compensation. Despite vast support in the media, the new constitution was defeated, 55% to 45%.
In response, a pro-Mugabe group marched on white owned farms, forcing them and their usually-black workers off their farms without compensation. In the subsequent years of land confiscation, several farm owners and more workers would be killed.
Some of this land ended up under the control of Mugabe and other politicians, however by 2011, 238,000 households had been apportioned from 10 million hectares of land, an improvement of 3.5 million over the 20 years up until 1998. In 2019, white Zimbabwean farmers accepted $17 million USD in compensation, and in 2020 the Zimbabwe government would commit to paying back a further 3.5 billion.
How does this relate to New Zealand?
Well let’s start with the obvious: land distribution issues do not go away because you want them to, nor will democracy protect you from it if you shit on the people you took the land from. Zimbabwe happened because landowners dragged their feet in every decade for a century, and a radicalised political faction springing from this injustice decided legal methods were not the way to go. By the time people were willing to come to the table to resolve it, they were a good fifty behind when they should have and it was too late.
Secondly, picking and choosing what you give back doesn’t work if you’re still just fucking over the tribes you’re giving stuff to to advantage yourself. If you say, give someone a couple of million dollars of value in exchange for the entire canterbury and otago regions, they may decide in 30 years time that wasn’t a very fair deal. And they’re probably right.
Thirdly, black people are not doing well right now in Zimbabwe and neither are white people. But the black people already weren’t doing well. You may look at Zimbabwe and say, well they’ve screwed over their own economy there. But they didn’t. They screwed over the white economy that too many of them already weren’t benefitting from. You see the stability a strong economy gives you and think that other people are benefitting too; Zimbabwe did get a lot out of their land in the 1900s due to colonial investment. But it didn’t benefit all people, and the failure to lift everyone in the rising tide sunk ALL the ships.
The Treaty idea of Partnership is the compromise. Giving back tiny bits of land and small change is the baby steps. Start taking us backwards and you’ll make Maori realise just how shortchanged they’ve been, and the natural result of that is not that they go away, it’s that they start demanding more.
But the level of disenfranchisement, of disrespect, of disempowerment does have to reach a much more egregious level than the situation we have here to result in widespread violence. Six months of Shane Jones does not a civil war make. It is a long, long process to get to a point where a country is that divided, and a lot of legitimate legal, political, and negotiating instruments have to fail. There is also a certain level of disinvestment people have to feel in the overall system to throw what they have away — there’s a reason socialist revolutions don’t come from peaceful, placated societies, even the ones educated enough to know there is something wrong. So therefore, progress must be made gradually through peace and cooperation, because unilateral force always has lasting negative consequences. Attempts to forge ahead with reform despite unhappiness of particular groups, even when legally decided will work out worse for everyone.
There are going to be a million opportunities to turn this ship around. This relationship is nowhere near beyond repair, even between this government and iwi. If Luxon had a spine, he would sit down with them and promise to reverse course, and probably send us all back to the polls as a result. He won’t. But I’m pretty confident he won’t win the next election either, whenever it is, and this country isn’t nearly so divided enough to split down the middle along race grounds, no matter what Seymour wants. But to unify, to meet in the middle, you have to stop considering what you think is fair and start hearing what the other group wants and why.
Otherwise we’re just letting corrupt politicians make land grabs while they cut us in half.

https://theacheron.medium.com/rosa-luxemburg-fragment-on-war-national-questions-and-revolution-6db2c0d9cee2

Introduction (by Rida Vaquas)
...
There were three core strands to Luxemburg’s opposition to national self-determination. Firstly, it was materially unviable given that no new nation could achieve economic independence owing to the spread of capitalism. Secondly, pursuing national self-determination in the form of supporting independence struggles did not make strategic sense for socialists as it inhibited them from placing political demands upon existing states. Finally, and most saliently for socialists today, even if national self-determination was politically and economically more than a utopian pipe-dream, it would still be against the interests of the working class to pursue it.
...
National self-determination, in Luxemburg’s words, “gives no practical guidelines for the day to day politics of the proletariat, nor any practical solution of nationality problems”.11 As we can observe from Lenin’s policies on nationalities, there is no consistent conclusion that comes from the acknowledgment of this “right”. The only real conclusion is that affairs must be settled by the relevant nationality, which is presented as a homogeneous socio-political entity, as opposed to a site of class struggle in itself. The impracticality of this formula was not only resisted by Luxemburg, but also by Fritz Rozins, a Latvian socialist. Rozins, criticizing the position of Lenin in 1902, made the argument that several nations can occupy the same territory which problematized the demand for national self-determination.12
When examining contemporary manifestations of the national problem, these issues are thrown into sharper focus. In the case of Israel and Palestine, the framework of two competing claims of national self-determination which need to be reconciled with each other ultimately leads to endorsing an indefinite political and economic subordination of one nation by another. One way some sections of the modern Left attempt to address this is by rendering one nation’s claim (Israel’s) as inherently illegitimate, on account of its annexationist political project and racist domestic policy, and hence dismissing Hebrew Jewish people as constituting a national people with particular rights. However, making the right of national self-determination contingent upon the political project of its claimants would leave very few nations, if any, with this “right” at all, as its claimants tend to be an aspirational national bourgeoisie, whose class interests are tied to the continuation of the subjugation of the working class peoples within a territory, including working-class national minorities. The best way forward is to abandon such a “right” altogether, which assumes a basic unity between the interests of the oppressor and oppressed as part of the same nation. The question should instead be examined from the perspective of the common interests of the Israeli and Palestinian working classes against the Israeli state.
...
What fundamentally determined Rosa Luxemburg’s attitude was understanding that nationalism was not an empty vessel in which socialists could pour in proletarian content. The ideology of nationhood intrinsically demands temporary class collaboration, at the very least, to the advantage of the ruling classes. An article she penned in January 1918, intended as friendly criticism of the early Soviet government’s policy on nationalities, most clearly articulates this perspective:
“The “right of nations to self-determination” is a hollow phrase which in practice always delivers the masses of people to the ruling classes.
Of course, it is the task of the revolutionary proletariat to implement the most expansive political democracy and equality of nationalities, but it is the least of our concerns to delight the world with freshly baked national class states. Only the bourgeoisie in every nation is interested in the apparatus of state independence, which has nothing to do with democracy. After all, state independence itself is a dazzling thing which is often used to cover up the slaughter of people.”16
This has been vindicated by historical experience. When we look at Poland today, a right-wing government is installing “Independence Benches” that play nationalist speeches.17 The speeches were delivered by none other than Józef Piłsudski, a former leader of the PPS who later abandoned socialism altogether. The warning of the Polish Communist Party, published in 1919, a year after Polish independence, that bourgeois “independence” in reality meant “the brutal dictatorship of the bourgeoisie over the proletariat” has proven more correct than any fantasy about the achievement of independence offering a permanent resolution to the national question, opening up the battlefield of class struggle.18 The formation of new class states does not resolve national oppression, so much as redistribute it.
Revolutionary internationalism, or the so-called “international proletariat fundamentalism”, stands as a rejoinder to those who seek shortcuts to social revolution by the construction of nation-states. Yet it also allows for a more positive assessment of nationalities. Rather than being bound to the political form of territorial states responsible for the oppression of millions across centuries, the traditions, institutions, and languages associated with nationalities can become part of a universal cultural legacy and human inheritance that requires neither the violence of borders nor of class rule. We can be moved by the words of the poet Adam Mickiewicz without scrambling to statehood. Capitalist development has made the endgame of the exercise of national self-determination, the nation-state, a dead-end for socialists. It is now necessary to pose the national question once more and seek different answers.
...
Fragment on War, National Questions and Revolution (by Rosa Luxemburg)
When hatred of the proletariat and the imminent social revolution is absolutely decisive for the bourgeoisie in all their deeds and activities, in their peace programme and in their policies for the future: what is the international proletariat doing? Completely blind to the lessons of the Russian Revolution, forgetting the ABCs of socialism, it pursues the same peace programme as the bourgeoisie, it elevates it to its own programme! Hail Wilson and the League of Nations! Hail national self-determination and disarmament! This is now the banner that suddenly socialists of all countries are uniting under — together with the imperialist governments of the Entente, with the most reactionary parties, the government socialist boot-lickers, the ‘true in principle’ oppositional swamp socialists, bourgeois pacifists, petty-bourgeois utopians, nationalist upstart states, bankrupt German imperialists, the Pope, the Finnish executioners of the revolutionary proletariat, the Ukrainian sugar babies of German militarism.
...
Nationalism is an instant trump card. From all sides, nations and nationettes stake out a claim for their right to state formation. Rotted corpses rise out of hundred-year-old graves, filled with fresh spring shoots, and “historyless” peoples, who never formed an independent state entity up until now, feel a violent urge towards state formation. Poland, Ukraine, Belarussians, Lithuanians, Czechs, Yugoslavia, ten new nations of the Caucasus. Zionists are already erecting their Palestine Ghetto, provisionally in Philadelphia. It’s Walpurgis Night at Blockula today!
Broom and pitch-fork, goat and prong… To-night who flies not, never flies.
But nationalism is only a formula. The core, the historical content that is planted in it, is as manifold and rich in connections as the formula of ‘national self-determination’, under which it is veiled, is hollow and sparse.
...
In Russian Ukraine, up until the October uprising in 1917, nationalism was nothing, a bubble, the arrogance of roughly a dozen professors and lawyers who mostly couldn’t speak Ukrainian themselves. Since the Bolshevik Revolution it has become the very real expression of the petty-bourgeois counterrevolution, whose head is directed against the socialist working class. In India, nationalism is the expression of an emerging domestic bourgeoisie, which aims for independent exploitation of the country on its account instead of only serving as an object for English capital to leech. This nationalism, therefore, corresponds with its social content and its historical stage like the emancipation struggles of the United States of America at the outset of the 18th century.
So nationalism reflects back all conceivable interests, nuances, historical situations. It shines in all colors. It is everything and nothing, a mere shell. Everything hangs on it to assert its own particular social core.
So the universal, immediate world explosion of nationalism brings with it the most colorful confusion of special interests and tendencies in its bosom. But there is an axis that gives all these special interests a direction, a universal interest created by the particular historical situation: the apex against the threatening world revolution of the proletariat.
...
The Russian Revolution has awakened a fuming, foaming, trembling fear and hatred of the threatening spectre of proletarian dictatorship in the entirety of the possessing classes in every single nation. It can only be compared with the sentiments of the Paris bourgeoisie during the June slaughters and the butchery of the Commune. ‘Bolshevism’ has become the catchword for practical, revolutionary socialism, for all endeavors of the working class to conquer power. In this rupturing of the social abyss within bourgeois society, in the international deepening and sharpening of class antagonism is the historical achievement of Bolshevism, and in this work — like in all great historical contexts — all errors and mistakes of Bolshevism vanish without a trace.
These sentiments are now the deepest heart of the nationalist delirium in which the capitalist world has seemingly fallen, they are the objective historical content to which the many-colored cards of announced nationalisms are reduced. These small, young bourgeoisie that are now striving for independent existence, are not merely trembling with the desire for winning unrestricted and untrammeled class rule but also for the long-awaited delight of the single-handed strangling of their mortal enemy: the revolutionary proletariat. This is a function they had to concede up until now to the disjointed state apparatus of foreign rule. Hate, like love, is only grudgingly left to a third wheel. Mannerheim’s blood orgies, the Finnish Gallifet, show how much that the blazing heat of hate that has sprouted up in the hearts of all small nations in the last few years, all the Poles, Lithuanians, Romanians, Ukrainians, Czechs, Croats, etc., only waited for the opportunity to finally disembowel the proletariat with ‘national’ means. From all these young nations, which like white and innocent lambs hopped along in the grassy meadows of world history, the carbuncle-like eyes of the grim tiger are already looking out and waiting to “settle the accounts” with the first stirrings of “Bolshevism”. Behind all of the idyllic banquets, the roaring festivals of brotherhood in Vienna, in Prague, in Zagreb, in Warsaw, Mannerheim’s open graves are already yawning and the Red Guards have to dig them themselves! The gallows of Charkow shimmer like faint silhouettes and the Lubinskys and Holubowitsches invited the German ‘liberators’ to Ukraine for their erection.
...
The ruling classes once again show their unerring instinct for their class interests, their wonderfully fine sensitivity for the dangers surrounding them. Whilst on the surface, the bourgeoisie are enjoying the loveliest weather and the proletarians of all countries are getting drunk on nationalist and ‘League of Nations’ spring breezes, bourgeois society is being torn limb from limb which heralds the impending change of seasons as the historical barometer falls. Whilst socialists are foolishly eager to pull their chestnuts of peace out of the fire of world war, as ‘national ministers’, they can’t help but see the inevitable, imminent fate behind their backs: the terrible rising spectre of social world revolution that has already silently stepped onto the back of the stage.
It is the objective insolvability of the tasks bourgeois society faces that makes socialism a historical necessity and world revolution unavoidable.
No one can predict how long this final period will last and what forms it will take. History has already left the well-trodden path and the comfortable routine. Every new step, every new turn of the road opens up new perspectives and new scenery.
What is important is to understand the real problem of the period. The problem is called: the dictatorship of the proletariat, the realization of socialism. The difficulties of the task do not lie in the strength of the opponent, the resistance of bourgeois society. Its ultima ratio: the army is useless for the suppression of the proletariat as a result of the war, it has even become revolutionary itself. Its material basis for existence: the maintenance of society has been shattered by the war. Its moral basis for existence: tradition, routine, and authority have all been blown away by the wind. The whole structure has become loosened, fluid, movable. The conditions for struggle have never been so favourable for any emergent class in world history. It can fall into the lap of the proletariat like a ripe fruit. The difficulty lies in the proletariat itself, in its lack of maturity, or rather, the immaturity of its leaders, the socialist parties. The working class balks, it recoils before the uncertain enormity of its duty again and again. But it must, it must. History takes away all of its excuses: to lead us out of the night and horror of oppressed humanity into the light of liberation.

The Soviet Union was founded after the October Revolution in 1917, the Bolsheviks succeeded in overthrowing the government that has replaced the Tsar. It was a successor state to the former Russian Empire that included most of the territory of the old Russian empire, although it did not include Finland. It was a one party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and it's largest cities included Leningrad (Now St Petersburg, Russia), Tashkent (Uzbekistan), Kiev (Ukraine), Moscow (Russia) and Baku (Azerbaijan).
During it's time the Soviet Union gained many social and technological achievements and innovations. It had a large economy and the largest standing military, it also possessed the highest number of Nuclear weapons in the world.
It was also a very diverse nation that consisted of 15 republics, each of which had different ethnicities, languages and cultures from each other. In 1991 it was believed that it had around 293 million people and a land area that spanned from Eastern Europe to Central Asia.
But I was curious to know how was it to live in the USSR for the average person, did it bring any benefits to the countries that were once part of it and how did it differ (outside of political ideology) from the former Russian empire.

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If Beale Street Could Talk HD/MA $4
Imaginary HD/VU $9
Indiana Jones & the Last Crusade HD/VU $4 or 4K/IT $4.5
Inhabitant HD/VU $4.5
Insidious 4K/MA $5.5
Insidious The Last Key HD/MA $3.5
Insidious Red Door HD/MA $5
Iron Claw HD/VU $6.5
Jay and Silent Bob Reboot HD/VU $3.5
Jerry Maguire 4K/MA $6
Jesus Revolution HD/VU $4.5
John Wick 4 4K/VU $6.5
John Wick 4-Film Collection HD/VU $13
Journey to Bethlehem HD/MA $5.5
Jumanji '95 4K/MA $6
Jungle Book '67 HD/MA $4
Jurassic World 6-film Set HD/MA $18
Jurassic World Dominion (Thea & Ext) HD/MA $5
Kandahar HD/MA $5.5
Kiss the Girls 4K/VU $6
Knights of the Zodiac HD/MA $5
Kramer vs Kramer 4K/MA $6
Last Action Hero 4K/MA $5.5
Last Christmas HD/MA $4.5
Last Night in Soho 4K/MA $5.5
Lawless HD/VU $4
Leprechaun 8-Film Set HD/VU $15
Liar Liar HD/MA or IT $4
Licorice Pizza 4K/IT $5
Little Mermaid '23 HD/MA $5
Long Shot HD/VU $4
Lost Boys 4K/MA $6
Love Again SD/MA $2.5
Lucky Number Slevin HD/VU $4.5
M3GAN (Thea & Unr) HD/MA $5
Ma '19 HD/MA $4
Madame Web HD/MA $8
Mamma Mia Here We Go Again HD/MA $3
Manchester by the Sea HD/VU $4
Manodrome HD/VU $5.5
Marsh King's Daughter 4K/VU $5.5
Martyrs HD/VU $4.5
May HD/VU $4
Mean Girls '24 HD/VU $9
Memories of Murder 4K/MA $6.5
Menu HD/GP $3.5
Meryl Streep 8-Film Set HD/MA $22
MIB International HD/MA $4
Mickey's Christmas Carol HD/MA $4
Midnight Meat Train (Unr) HD/VU $4
Miller's Girl 4K/VU $8.5
Miracle on 34th Street HD/MA $4
Missing HD/MA $5
Mist 4K/VU $6.5
Mitchells vs the Machines HD/MA $4.5
Monster High Electrified HD/MA or IT $2.5
Moonfall 4K/VU $4.5
Moonrise Kingdom HD/MA $4
Mortal Kombat Legends Cage Match HD/MA $5.5
Mr. Holmes HD/VU $3.5
Mulan '98 HD/MA $4 or HD/GP $3.5
My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 HD/MA $3
My Big Fat Greek Wedding 3 HD/MA $5.5
My Girl 4K/MA $6
National Champions 4K/IT $5
New Mutants 4K/MA $5.5 or HD/MA $4 or HD/GP $3.5
Night at the Museum Secret of the Tomb HD/MA $3
Night Swim HD/MA $8
Night Train to Lisbon HD/VU $4
No Good Deed HD/MA $3
No Hard Feelings HD/MA $5.5
Nope HD/MA $4.5
Nun 2 HD/MA $5.5
Ocean's Trilogy 4K/MA $16
Old 4K/MA $6 or HD/MA $4.5
Office Space HD/MA $4.5
Oppenheimer HD/MA $6
Other Side of the Door HD/MA $4
Out Of The Blue HD/VU $4
Overlord 4K/VU or IT $4.5
ParaNorman HD/IT $4
Parental Guidance HD/MA $2.5
Parents HD/VU $4
Parasite HD/MA $4
Paw Patrol Mighty Movie HD/VU $6.5
Pearl HD/VU $4.5
Pet Sematary Bloodlines HD/VU $5.5
Peter Pan Return to Neverland HD/MA $4.5 or HD/GP $4
Philadelphia 4K/MA $5.5
Pick 1 (Black Christmas '18 4K, Dog's Purpose 4K, Sparks Brothers 4K, Raw, Agnes Bourne, Antz, Being Frank, Loving, Don't Let Go, Kicks, Final Account) HD/MA $4
Pinocchio '40 HD/MA $4
Pitch Black (Unr) 4K/IT $4.5
Pitch Perfect 3 4K/MA $5
Pixels HD/MA $3
Plane 4K/VU $5.5
Poor Things HD/MA $7.5
Pope's Exorcist HD/MA $5
Prey for the Devil 4K/VU $5.5
Priscilla HD/VU $6
Punch-Drunk Love 4K/MA $6.5
Purge 4-Film Set HD/MA $12
Queen & Slim HD/MA $4
Quick & the Dead '95 4K/MA $6
Rambo First Blood HD/VU $4
Rambo First Blood Pt 2 HD/VU $4
Rango HD/VU $3
Real Genius 4K/MA $5.5
Red Rocket HD/VU $4
Red Sparrow HD/MA $3.5
Renfield HD/MA $5.5
Requin HD/VU $4.5
Resident Evil Welcome to Raccoon City HD/MA $4
Robin Hood '73 HD/MA $4
Rosemary's Baby 4K/VU $6.5
Rhythm Section HD/VU $3.5
Ruby Gilman Teenage Kraken HD/MA $5.5
Rudy (Dir Cut) 4K/MA $6.5
Rudy 4K/MA $6
Run Lola Run 4K/MA $6.5
Saint Maud HD/VU $4
Samurai Jack Complete Series HD/VU $40
Saw 8-film Set (Unr except Jigsaw) HD/VU $20
Secret Life of Walter Mitty HD/MA $3.5
Shaun of the Dead HD/MA $4 or 4K/IT $4.5
Shaun the Sheep HD/VU $3.5
Shrek 6-Film Set (1-4, Musical, Puss in Boots) HD/MA $19
Skiptrace HD/VU $3.5
Scorpion King 4-Film Set (1, 3, 4, Book of Souls) HD/MA $12
Scream 3 4K/VU $5.5
Scream 5 4K/VU $5.5 or HD/VU $4
Scream 6 4K/VU $7 or HD/VU $5.5
Sharktopus HD/VU $3.5
Shazam 2-film Set HD/MA $8
Shazam Fury of the Gods 4K/MA $6 or HD/MA $4.5
She Said HD/MA $4.5
She's the Man HD/VU $3.5
Sin City HD/VU $4
Silver Linings Playbook HD/VU $3 or HD/GP $2.5
Sixteen Candles HD/MA $3.5 or HD/IT $3.5
Sleepless in Seattle 4K/MA $6
Smile HD/VU $4.5
Social Network 4K/MA $6
Sometimes They Come Back...Again HD/VU $4
Sometimes They Come Back...For More HD/VU $3.5
Sonic the Hedgehog 2 4K/VU $5.5
Spartacus 4K/IT $4
Spider-Man Across the Spider-Verse 4K/MA $7 or HD/MA $5.5
Split HD/MA $3 or 4K/IT $3.5
Spoiler Alert HD/MA $5
Spy (Unr) HD/MA $3
Star Wars A New Hope HD/MA $4
Starship Troopers 4K/MA $6
Step Brothers 4K/MA $6.5
Stillwater HD/MA $4
Studio 666 HD/MA $5
Sum of All Fears 4K/VU $5
Supercell HD/VU $4.5
Super Mario Bros Movie 4K/MA $6.5 or HD/MA $5
Superfly HD/MA $4
Suspiria (2018) HD/VU $4
T2 Trainspotting 4K/MA $6
Talk to Me 4K/VU $6
Talladega Nights 4K/MA $6.5
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Out of the Shadows HD/VU $3.5 or 4K/IT $4
Thanksgiving 4K/MA $7.5
The Bay HD/VU $4
The Color Purple '23 4K/MA $8 or HD/MA $6.5
The Creator HD/MA $6
The Descent (Unr) HD/VU $4.5
The Flash HD/MA $5
The Last Dragon 4K/MA $5.5
The Marvels HD/MA $6.5
The Natural 4K/MA $6
The Other Guys 4K/MA $6
The Professional (Ext) 4K/MA $6
The Space Between Us HD/MA $4
The Sting HD/MA $3.5
The Super '17 HD/VU $4
Ticket to Paradise HD/MA $4.5
Titanic 4K/VU or IT $6 or HD/VU $4.5
Top Gun Maverick HD/VU $4
Toy Story 3 HD/MA $4
Trading Places 4K/VU $6
Transformers Rise of the Beasts 4K/MA $7 or HD/VU $5.5
Trolls 3-Film Collection HD/MA $12
Trolls Band Together HD/MA $6.5
Tusk HD/VU $4.5
Umma HD/MA $4.5
Unbearable Weight of Massive Talent 4K/VU $5
Underwater HD/MA $4.5
Unfriended HD/MA $4
Universal Monsters 4-Film Set 4K/MA $17
Up '09 HD/MA $4.5
V for Vendetta 4K/MA $6.5
Vanilla Sky HD/VU $5.5
Varsity Blues 4K/VU $6
Velvet Goldmine HD/VU $4.5
Venture Bros Radiant is the Blood of the Baboon Heart HD/MA $5.5
Violent Night HD/MA $5
Walking Dead Season 9 HD/VU $7
Watchmen Ultimate Cut 4K/MA $7.5
Waxwork 2 HD/VU $3.5
Welcome to Marwen HD/MA $4.5
Welcome to Monster High HD/MA or IT $3
Whiplash 4K/MA $6 or HD/MA $4.5
White House Down HD/MA $3.5
Whitney Houston I Wanna Dance w/ Somebody HD/MA $4
Wicker Man 4K/VU $5.5
Wish HD/MA $7
Witch HD/VU $3.5
Woman King 4K/MA $5 or HD/MA $4
Woman Walks Ahead HD/VU $4
Wonka HD/MA $7
You're Next HD/VU $3.5
X HD/VU $4
X-Men 1-4 Set SD/MA $7.5
X-Men Trilogy (X-Men, X2, Last Stand) HD/MA $11.5
Zombieland 4K/MA $5.5
Zombieland Double Tap HD/MA $4
All other movies (A-Z)
10 Cloverfield Lane HD/VU $3 or 4K/IT $3.5
101 Dalmatians '61 HD/MA $3.5 or HD/GP $3
13 Hours HD/VU $2.5 or 4K/IT $3
14 Blades HD/VU $3.5
1917 4K/MA $5 or HD/MA $3.5
2 Guns 4K/MA $4 or HD/MA or IT $2.5
21 Jump Street HD/MA $3
22 Jump Street HD/MA $3.5
3 Extremes HD/VU $4
3 From Hell (Unr) 4K/VU $4 or HD/VU $2.5
3:10 to Yuma 4K/VU $5
31 HD/VU $2.5
47 Meters Down HD/IT $3.5
47 Meters Down Uncaged 4K/VU $4.5 or HD/VU $3
47 Ronin HD/MA $3 or 4K/IT $3.5
600 Miles HD/VU $3.5
71 HD/VU $3.5
A Christmas Story 4K/MA $6
A Dog's Purpose HD/IT $3
A Good Day to Die Hard (Ext) HD/VU $2.5
A Journal For Jordan HD/MA $4
A Quiet Place HD/VU $2.5 or 4K/IT $3
A Walk Among the Tombstones HD/IT $3.5
A Wrinkle in Time HD/MA $3 or HD/GP $2.5
A.C.O.D. HD/IT $3.5
Abominable 4K/MA $5.5 or HD/MA $4
About Last Night HD/MA $3
Ad Astra HD/MA $4
Adaptation 4K/MA $6
Adverse 4K/VU $5
After Earth HD/MA $3
Aftermath HD/VU $3
Air Force One 4K/MA $6
Aladdin ‘19 HD/MA $3 or HD/GP $2.5
Aladdin ‘92 HD/MA $3.5 or HD/GP $3
Alien HD/MA $4
Alien Covenant HD/MA $2.5
Alfred Hitchcock 4-Film Set Vol 1 4K/MA $18
Alfred Hitchcock 5-Film Set Vol 2 4K/MA $21
Alien 6-film Set HD/MA $16
Alita Battle Angel 4K/MA $5 or HD/MA $3.5
All Eyez on Me HD/VU or IT $3
All is Lost HD/VU $3.5
All the Money in the World HD/MA $3.5
Allied HD/VU or IT $3.5
Amazing Spider-Man 2 HD/MA $3.5 or SD/MA $1.5
Amazing Spider-Man HD/MA $3.5 or SD/MA $1.5
American Assassin 4K/VU $4.5 or HD/VU $3
American Hustle HD/MA $3.5
American Ultra HD/VU or IT $4
American Underdog 4K/VU $5.5 or HD/VU $4
Anatomy of a Murder 4K/MA $5
Anchorman 2 HD/VU or IT $2.5
Angel Has Fallen 4K/VU $5 or HD/VU $3.5
Angel Heart 4K/VU $5.5
Angel of Mine 4K/VU $5.5
Angry Birds Movie HD/MA $3.5
Anna Karenina HD/IT $3.5
Annie ‘14 HD/MA $3.5
Annihilation HD/VU $3 or 4K/IT $3.5
Antebellum 4K/VU $5
Antlers HD/GP $3
Ant-Man & the Wasp HD/MA $3.5 or HD/GP $3
Ant-Man HD/MA $4 or HD/GP $3.5
Apache Junction HD/VU $3.5
Apollo 13 4K/MA or IT $5 or HD/MA $3.5
Arctic HD/MA $4
Arrival HD/VU $2.5 or 4K/IT $3
Art of Self-Defense HD/MA $4
Assassination Nation HD/MA $3.5
Assassin's Creed HD/MA $3
Assignment HD/VU $4
Atomic Blonde 4K/IT $4.5 or HD/MA $3
August Osage County HD/VU $3
Avengers Age of Ultron HD/GP $3
Avengers Endgame HD/MA $2.5 or HD/GP $2
Avengers Infinity War 4K/MA $4 or HD/MA $2.5 or HD/GP $2
Baby Driver HD/MA $4
Backdraft 4K/MA or IT $5.5
Bad Grandpa HD/VU or IT $2.5
Bad Words HD/MA or IT $3
Bandslam HD/VU $4
Bank Job HD/VU $3.5
Barb & Star go to Vista Del Mar HD/VU $4
Barbie & Her Sisters in the Great Puppy Adventure HD/IT $3.5
Bart Got a Room HD/VU $4
Battle Royale HD/VU $4.5
Battleship 4K/MA or IT $4.5 or HD/MA $3
Beauty & the Beast ‘17 HD/MA $2.5 or HD/GP $2
Beauty & the Beast ‘91 HD/MA $3.5 or HD/GP $3
Bedknobs & Broomsticks HD/GP $3.5
Before I Fall HD/VU or IT $3.5
Begin Again HD/VU $3.5
Beiruit HD/MA $3.5
Belly 4K/VU $5.5
Ben-Hur ‘16 HD/VU $3.5
Between Worlds HD/VU $3.5
Big Hero 6 4K/MA $5 or HD/MA $3.5 or HD/GP $3
Big Lebowski 4K/MA or IT $5.5
Big Short HD/VU $3.5
Big Wedding HD/VU or IT $3
Billy Elliot HD/MA or IT $4
Birdman HD/MA $4
Black & Blue HD/MA $4
Black Christmas '19 HD/MA $4.5
Black Panther 4K/MA $4.5 or HD/GP $2.5
Black Panther Wakanda Forever 4K/MA $5 or HD/MA $3.5 or HD/GP $3
BlackKklansman HD/MA $4.5
Blacklight HD/MA $4
Black Widow HD/GP $3
Blackhat HD/IT $3.5
Blair Witch Project ‘99 HD/VU $4
Bleeding Steel HD/VU $3.5
Blindspotting 4K/VU $5.5 or HD/VU $4
Blood Money ‘17 HD/VU $3.5
Blood Ties HD/VU $3.5
Blue Jasmine HD/MA $3.5
Blue Ruin HD/VU $4
Blues Brothers HD/MA $4 or 4K/IT $4.5
Bob's Burgers Movie HD/GP $3
Body Cam HD/VU $4
Bohemian Rhapsody 4K/MA $5 or HD/MA $3.5
Bombshell 4K/VU $5
Book of Life HD/MA $3.5
Boss Baby HD/MA $2.5
Bourne Identity 4K/IT $5 or HD/MA $3.5
Bourne Legacy HD/VU $2 or 4K/IT $2.5
Bourne Supremacy HD/MA $3.5 or 4K/IT $4
Bourne Ultimatum 4K/MA $5 or HD/MA $3.5
Boy ‘16 HD/IT $3.5
Boy & the World HD/IT $3.5
Braven HD/VU $4
Breakfast Club HD/MA or IT $4
Breakthrough HD/MA $3
Brian Banks HD/MA $3
Bridge of Spies HD/GP $3.5
Brothers Bloom HD/VU $4.5
Bumblebee 4K/VU or IT $5 or HD/VU $3.5
Butler HD/VU $3
Cabin in the Woods HD/VU $2.5 or 4K/IT $3
Cake HD/MA $4
Call of Wild 4K/MA $4.5 or HD/MA $3 or HD/GP $2.5
Calvary HD/MA $4
Candyman '20 4K/MA $6 or HD/MA $4.5
Candyman 3 HD/VU $4
Captain America Civil War HD/GP $2.5
Captain America First Avenger HD/GP $3.5
Captain America Winter Soldier HD/GP $3.5
Captain Marvel 4K/MA $4 or HD/MA $2.5 or HD/GP $2
Captain Phillips HD/MA $3.5
Captain Underpants First Epic Movie HD/MA $2.5
Carol HD/VU $4
Cars 3 HD/GP $2.5
Casablanca 4K/MA $5.5
Case for Christ HD/MA or IT $2.5
Casper HD/IT $4
Celebrating Mickey HD/MA $3.5 or HD/GP $3
Chaos Walking 4K/VU $5
Chappaquiddick HD/VU $4
Chasing Mavericks HD/MA $3.5
Chicago HD/VU $4
Child 44 HD/VU $4
Children ‘08 HD/VU $4
Christopher Robin HD/MA $4 or HD/GP $3.5
Clerks 3 4K/VU $4.5
Clifford the Big Red Dog HD/VU $4
Cloverfield 4K/VU $5.5 or HD/VU $4
Coco HD/GP $2.5
Cold Pursuit 4K/VU $5 or HD/VU $3.5
Collection HD/VU $3.5
Collide ‘17 HD/VU or IT $2.5
Colma The Musical HD/VU $4
Colombiana (Unr) HD/MA $4
Colony 4K/VU $5
Come & Find Me HD/VU $4
Commuter 4K/VU $5 or HD/VU $3.5
Company of Heroes HD/MA $4
Conspirator HD/VU $4
Contraband HD/IT $3
Contractor HD/VU $4.5
Cooler HD/VU $4
Cool Hand Luke 4K/MA $5.5
Cooties HD/VU $4
Cotton Club Encore 4K/VU $5.5
Countdown ‘16 HD/VU $3.5
Courier 4K/VU $5.5 or HD/VU $4
Craft Legacy HD/MA $4.5
Criminal HD/VU or IT $3
Croods HD/VU $3.5
Cruella HD/MA $3.5 or HD/GP $3
Crypto 4K/VU $5 or HD/VU $3.5
Daddy's Home HD/IT $2.5
Daddy's Home 2 HD/VU or IT $3
Damsel HD/VU $4.5
Dangerous 4K/VU $4.5 or HD/VU $3
Danny Collins HD/IT $3.5
Dark Crimes HD/VU $4
Darkest Minds HD/MA $4
Dark Places HD/VU $4
Dark Tower HD/MA $3.5
Darkest Hour ‘17 4K/MA $5 or HD/MA $3.5
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes HD/MA $3.5
Deadpool 2 (w/Super Duper Cut) HD/MA $4
Deadpool HD/MA $2.5
Death of Me HD/VU $4
Death on the Nile HD/GP $3
Death Wish '18 HD/VU $3
Deepwater Horizon HD/VU $2.5 or 4K/IT $3
Deliver Us From Evil HD/MA $3.5
Dentist 2-Film Set HD/VU $7
Despicable Me 2 HD/VU $3 or 4K/IT $3.5
Despicable Me 3 4K/MA or IT $4.5
Despicable Me 4K/MA or IT $4.5
Detroit HD/MA $3.5
Devil Inside HD/VU $3.5
Devil's Due HD/MA $3.5
Die Hard HD/MA $3.5
Die Hard 5-film Set HD/MA $18
Die in a Gunfight 4K/VU $5
Dirty Dancing 4K/VU $5 or HD/VU $3.5
Disney Animated Short Films Set HD/MA $3.5 or HD/GP $3
Disneynature Monkey Kingdom HD/MA $3
Django Unchained HD/VU $3
Doctor Strange HD/MA $3 or HD/GP $2.5
Doctor Strange Multiverse of Madness HD/MA $3.5 or HD/GP $3
Dolittle HD/MA $3.5
Dom Hemingway HD/MA $3.5
Don Verdean HD/VU $4.5
Doorman HD/VU $3.5
Doors 4K/VU $5.5 or HD/VU $4
Downsizing HD/VU $2 or 4K/IT $2.5
Downton Abbey A New Era HD/MA $4
Downton Abbey The Movie HD/MA $3.5
Draft Day HD/IT $3.5
Dragged Across Concrete HD/VU $3.5
Dragonslayer 4K/VU $5.5
Dream a Little Dream HD/VU $4
Dreamkatcher HD/VU $4
Dreamworks 10-Film HD/MA $25
Dredd 4K/VU $4 or HD/VU $2.5
Dying of the Light HD/VU $2.5
E.T. Extra Terrestrial 4K/MA or IT $5 or HD/MA $3.5
Early Man 4K/VU $5.5
Earth Girls are Easy HD/VU $4
Eddie the Eagle HD/MA $4
Edge of Seventeen HD/IT $3
Edward Scissorhands HD/MA $3.5
El Chicano HD/MA $4
Elysium HD/MA $3.5
Emoji Movie HD/MA $3
Empire of Light HD/MA $3.5 or HD/GP $3
Empire State HD/VU $3
Encanto 4K/GP $3.5
Enough Said HD/MA $3.5
Enter the Dragon 4K/MA $6
Epic HD/MA $3
Equalizer HD/MA $3.5
Equalizer 2 HD/MA $3.5
Escape From Planet Earth HD/VU $3
Eternals HD/MA $3.5 or HD/GP $3
Everest HD/MA $3 or 4K/IT $3.5
Everything Must Go HD/VU $4
Evil Dead 2 HD/VU $3.5
Ex Machina HD/VU $3
Exodus Gods & Kings HD/MA $3.5
Expired 4K/VU $4.5
Fair Game (Dir) HD/VU $4
Fantastic Four ‘15 HD/MA $4
Fast & Furious 4 4K/MA $5
Fast & the Furious 8-film Set HD/MA $17
Fast & the Furious 9-film Set HD/MA $19
Fast Color 4K/VU $5.5
Fatale ‘20 4K/VU $5 or HD/VU $3.5
Fatherhood HD/MA $4
Fault in Our Stars HD/MA $3.5
Fear of Rain 4K/VU $5.5
Fences HD/VU $2.5 or 4K/IT $3
Ferdinand HD/MA $3.5
Field of Dreams 4K/MA or IT $5.5
Fifty Shades Darker (Unr) HD/VU $2.5 or 4K/IT $3
Fifty Shades Freed HD/MA $4
Fifty Shades of Grey (Unr) 4K/MA or IT $4
Finding Dory HD/GP $2
Finding Nemo HD/GP $3.5
Finest Hours HD/GP $3
Firm 4K/VU $6
First Man HD/MA $4
Flashback ‘20 HD/VU $4
Flight HD/VU or IT $3
Florence Foster Jenkins HD/VU or IT $3
Footloose ‘11 HD/IT $3
Forbidden Kingdom HD/VU $4.5
Ford v Ferrari HD/MA $4
Forest HD/IT $3.5
Forever My Girl HD/IT $3
Fortress HD/VU $3.5
Fortress Sniper's Eye HD/VU $3.5
Fox & the Hound 2 HD/MA $4 or HD/GP $3.5
Foxcatcher HD/MA $4
Frank & Lola HD/VU or IT $3
Free Guy HD/GP $3
French Dispatch HD/MA $4 or HD/GP $3.5
Friday the 13th 4K/VU $5.5
From Here to Eternity 4K/MA $5.5
Frozen (Sing-Along) HD/MA $2 or HD/GP $1.5
Frozen HD/GP $2
Frozen 2 HD/MA $2.5 or HD/GP $2
Frozen Ground ‘13 HD/VU $3.5
Fury HD/MA $3.5
Future World HD/VU $3.5
G.I. Joe Retaliation HD/VU $3 or 4K/IT $3.5
Gambit ‘12 HD/MA $4
Gambler HD/VU or IT $3
Gamer 4K/VU $5.5
Gemini Man 4K/VU or IT $4.5 or HD/VU $3
Get Out 4K/MA or IT $5 or HD/MA $3.5
Ghost in the Shell ‘17 HD/VU $3 or 4K/IT $3.5
Ghost in the Shell ‘95 4K/VU $5
Ghost Team One HD/VU or IT $3.5
Ghostbusters ‘84 HD/MA $3.5
Ghostbusters (Thea & Ext) ‘16 HD/MA $3
Ghostbusters 2 HD/MA $3.5
Gifted HD/MA $3
Girl on Train HD/VU $3 or 4K/IT $3.5
Girl w/ All Gifts HD/VU $4
Giver HD/VU $3.5
Glass Castle 4K/VU $5.5
Glass HD/MA $4
God Bless The Broken Road HD/VU $3.5
God's Not Dead 2 HD/MA or IT $2.5
God's Not Dead 3 HD/MA $3
Gods of Egypt HD/VU $2.5 or 4K/IT $3
Gold ‘16 HD/VU $2.5
Good Dinosaur HD/GP $2.5
Good Kill HD/VU or IT $3.5
Grease 2 HD/VU $3.5
Great Wall 4K/MA or IT $4.5 or HD/MA $3
Greatest Showman HD/MA $3.5
Green Book HD/MA $4
Grey HD/VU or IT $3
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 1 HD/MA $3.5 or HD/GP $3
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 HD/GP $2
Guilt Trip HD/VU or IT $3
Gunman HD/MA or IT $3
Guns of Navarone 4K/MA $5.5
Hacksaw Ridge 4K/VU or IT $4.5 or HD/VU $3
Halloween ‘18 HD/MA $3
Hammer of the Gods HD/VU $2
Hannibal S.1 HD/VU $5
Hansel & Gretel Witch Hunters (Unr) HD/VU $3
Hard Luck Love Song 4K/VU $5.5
Hard Target 2 HD/IT $1.5
Hardcore Henry HD/VU or IT $3.5
Hate U Give HD/MA $4
Hateful Eight HD/VU $3.5
Heat (Director's Cut) ‘95 4K/MA $5.5 or HD/MA $4
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Hercules ‘14 HD/VU $2.5 or 4K/IT $3
Here Comes the Boom HD/MA $3.5
Hereditary HD/VU $3.5
Hidden Figures HD/MA $3
High Note HD/MA $4
Highlander 4K/VU $5.5 or HD/VU $4
Hitchcock '12 HD/MA $4
Hitman Agent 47 HD/MA $3
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Hocus Pocus HD/MA $3.5 or HD/GP $3
Home HD/MA $3
Home Again HD/MA $3
Home Alone 4K/MA $5 or HD/MA $3.5
Homefront HD/MA or IT $3
Homesman HD/VU $3
Honey 2 HD/VU $3
Hostiles 4K/VU $4.5 or HD/VU $3
Hotel Transylvania 3 HD/MA $3.5
Hot Fuzz HD/VU $4
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Hours ‘13 HD/VU $4
House of 1000 Corpses HD/VU $4
House of Gucci 4K/IT $5.5
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Hugo HD/VU $3
Hunt for Red October 4K/VU $5.5 or HD/VU $4
Huntsman Winter's War (Ext) HD/MA $3 or 4K/IT $3.5
I Can Only Imagine HD/VU $3.5
I Feel Pretty HD/IT $2
Ides of March HD/MA $4
I Know What You Did Last Summer 4K/MA $5.5
Imitation Game HD/VU $3
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Incredibles 2 HD/GP $3
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Indiana Jones & the Raiders of the Lost Ark 4K/VU or IT $5.5 or HD/VU $4
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Indignation HD/VU $4
Indivisible HD/MA $3.5
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Initiation 4K/VU $5
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Internship HD/MA $3
Interstellar 4K/VU or IT $5 or HD/VU $3.5
Interview HD/MA $3.5
Into the Woods HD/MA $3 or HD/GP $2.5
Invisible Man '20 HD/MA $3.5
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Iron Man 3 HD/MA $2.5 or HD/GP $2
Iron Man & Hulk Heroes United HD/GP $3.5
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It Follows HD/VU $3.5
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Jack & Jill HD/MA $3.5
Jack Reacher 4K/IT $4.5
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Jacob's Ladder HD/VU $4
Jane Got a Gun HD/VU $4
Jason Bourne HD/VU $2.5 or 4K/IT $3
Jesus Music HD/VU $3.5
Jexi HD/VU $3.5
Jobs HD/MA or IT $3.5
Joe HD/VU $3.5
Joe Kidd HD/IT $4
John Wick 1 & 2 Bundle HD/VU $4
John Wick 3 Parabellum 4K/VU $4.5
John Wick Chapter 2 HD/VU $3.5 or 4K/IT $4
John Wick HD/VU $2 or 4K/IT $2.5
John Wick Trilogy 4K/VU $13 or HD/VU (#3 4K) $9 or all HD/VU $8
Journey to the West Conquering the Demons HD/VU $3.5
Joy HD/MA $3
Judy 4K/VU $5 or HD/VU $3.5
Juliet, Naked 4K/VU $5.5
Jumanji Welcome To The Jungle HD/MA $2.5
Jungle Book ‘16 4K/MA $4.5 or HD/GP $2.5
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Jurassic Park 3 HD/VU $3.5 or 4K/IT $4
Jurassic Park 4K/MA or IT $5 or HD/MA $3.5
Jurassic World 5-film Set HD/MA $14
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Kama Sutra HD/VU $4
Kick-Ass 2 HD/MA $3.5
Kid ‘19 HD/VU $3.5
Kid Who Would Be King 4K/MA $5.5 or HD/MA $4
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Killer Elite HD/IT $3
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King Kong ‘05 4K/MA or IT $5 or HD/MA $3.5
King of Staten Island HD/MA $4
King's Man HD/GP $3.5
Kingsman The Golden Circle HD/MA $3
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Knives Out HD/VU $3.5 s Knowing 4K/VU $5.5
La La Land HD/VU $3 or 4K/IT $3.5
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Lady of the Manor 4K/VU $5
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Last Dragon HD/MA $4.5
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Last Exorcism HD/VU $4
Last Knights HD/VU $3.5
Last Man ‘19 HD/VU $4
Last Vegas HD/VU $3
Last Witch Hunter 4K/IT $3.5
Lawrence of Arabia 4K/MA $5.5
Legends of Oz Dorothy's Return HD/MA $3.5
Leprechaun 7-film Set HD/VU $12
Let's be Cops HD/MA $3.5
Let Him Go HD/MA $4
Life ‘17 HD/MA $3.5
Life of Crime HD/VU $3.5
Life of Pi 4K/MA $5 or HD/MA or IT $3.5
Light of My Life HD/IT $3.5
Lightyear HD/MA $3.5 or HD/GP $3
Like a Boss HD/VU $3.5
Lilo & Stitch 2 HD/MA $4 or HD/GP $3.5
Lion HD/VU $4
Lion King ‘19 4K/MA $4 or HD/GP $2
Lion King ‘94 4K/MA $5 or HD/MA $3.5 or HD/GP $3
Little HD/MA $3.5
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Love & Mercy HD/VU $3.5
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Luca HD/GP $3
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Magic Mike's Last Dance HD/MA $4.5
Magnificent Seven ‘16 HD/VU $3
Maleficent HD/MA $2.5 or HD/GP $2
Maleficent Mistress of Evil HD/GP $2.5
Man Who Fell To Earth ‘76 4K/VU $5
Man Who Shot Liberty Vance 4K/VU $5.5
Marauders HD/VU $3.5
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Martian HD/MA $3.5
Mary Poppins ‘64 HD/MA $3.5 or ‘64 HD/GP $3
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Max Steel HD/IT $3
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Memory HD/MA $3.5
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Men in Black 4K/MA $5.5 or HD/MA $4
MI-5 Spooks '15 HD/VU $4
Mickey & Minnie 10 Classic Shorts HD/GP $4.5
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Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children HD/MA $3
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Money Monster HD/MA $3.5
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Mummy 4-Film Set (Mummy 1-3, Scorpion King) HD/MA $12
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My All American HD/MA or IT $3.5
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No Time to Die 4K/IT $4.5
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Nutcracker & Four Realms HD/MA $3.5 or HD/GP $3
Oblivion 4K/MA or IT $5 or HD/MA $3.5
Occupation ‘18 HD/VU $3.5
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Office Christmas Party 4K/IT $3.5
Olaf's Frozen Adventure HD/GP $3
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On Chesil Beach HD/MA $4.5
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Onward HD/GP $2.5
Open Water 2 Adrift HD/VU $4
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Operation Avalanche HD/VU $4
Ouija HD/MA or IT $3.5
Our Kind of Traitor HD/MA $4
Outlander S.1 Vol 1 HD/VU $5
Overboard ‘18 HD/VU $3.5
Oz the Great & Powerful HD/MA $3 or HD/GP $2.5
Pacific Rim Uprising HD/MA $4
Paddington HD/VU $3.5
Pain & Gain HD/VU or IT $3.5
Paper Towns HD/MA $3
Paradise Highway 4K/VU $5
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Paranormal Activity HD/VU $4
Paranormal Activity The Marked Ones HD/VU or IT $3.5
Passengers HD/MA $3.5
Patriot Games 4K/VU $5
Patriot's Day HD/VU $3
Paul Apostle of Christ HD/MA $3
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Percy Jackson Sea of Monsters HD/MA $3
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Pet Sematary ‘19 HD/VU $3 or 4K/IT $3.5
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Peter Rabbit HD/MA $3.5
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Phantom Thread HD/MA $4
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Pitch Perfect 2 4K/MA $4 or HD/MA $2.5
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Pixar Short Films Set Vol. 3 HD/MA $3.5 or HD/GP $3
Planes Fire & Rescue HD/GP $3
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Planes, Trains & Automobiles 4K/VU $5.5 or HD/VU $4
Playing w/ Fire HD/VU or IT $2.5
Poltergeist ‘82 4K/MA $5.5
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Spider-Man 2 (Thea & Ext) HD/MA $4.5
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Spontaneous HD/VU $4.5
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Z for Zachariah HD/VU $4
Zero Dark Thirty HD/MA $3.5
Zeros & Ones HD/VU $4
Zootopia HD/MA $3 or HD/GP $2.5

Zionists will often try to describe their movement as a quest for self-determination and statehood for the Jewish people in Palestine. They will vehemently deny that Zionism is a form of colonialism, invoking all kinds of arguments. I thought it would be interesting to see what early Zionist leaders had to say about Zionist being a colonial movement or not. I researched primary sources from pretty much all the major early Zionist figures I could find to see what they had to say.
Moses Montefiore (1784 – 1885) was a British financier and banker, activist, philanthropist and Sheriff of London and one the early Zionist thinkers. He said during an interview in the 1860s that :

Palestine must belong to the Jews, and Jerusalem is destined to become the seat of a Jewish Empire.

Moses Hess (1812 – 1875) was one of the early Zionist thinkers. In his 1862 book “Rome and Jerusalem: The Last National Question”, Hess advocates for the colonization of Palestine and the foundation of a Jewish Colonization Association.
Leon Pinsker (1821-1891) was one of the early Zionist activists. In his 1882 Pamphlet “Auto-Emancipation”, he was advocating for the creation of a Jewish colony in Palestine as a solution to anti-semitism in Europe :

If the experts find in favor of Palestine or Syria, this decision would not be based on the assumption that the country could be transformed in time by labor and industry into a quite productive one.[...] This change cannot be brought about by the civil emancipation of the Jews in this or that state, but only by the auto-emancipation of the Jewish people as a nation, the foundation of a colonial community belonging to the Jews, which is some day to become our inalienable home, our country.

The three thinkers that I mentioned are often considered to be “proto-Zionists’ who inspired Theodore Herzl (1860 – 1904), considered to be the founding father of the ideology of political Zionism.
Theodore Herzl wrote in his 1896 pamphlet “The Jewish State" :

The Jewish Company is partly modeled on the lines of a great land-acquisition company. It might be called a Jewish Chartered Company, though it cannot exercise sovereign power, and has other than purely colonial tasks.

Herzl wrote to the British Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain, and asked for his support for this colonial project :

The undertaking will be made great and promising by the granting of colonial rights. This is tremendous attraction for the outlawed, enfeebled and unfortunate Jewish people.

(Source : the Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl, volume 4, p 1336)
He also wrote to Cecil Rhodes, yet another important figure of British colonization, who was responsible for the colonization of South Africa, Rhodesia and many others, during which countless indigenous people were killed and subjugated:

You are being invited to make history. That cannot frighten you, nor will you laugh at it. It is not in your accustomed line, it doesn't involve Africa, but a piece of Asia Minor, not English, but Jews. [...] How, then, do I happen to turn to you? Because it is something colonial.

(Source : the Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl, volume 3, p 1194) Max Nordau (1849 – 1923) was Zionist leader and co-founder of the World Zionist Organization with Theodor Herzl. Like Herzl, he was against “illegal immigration” to Ottoman Palestine and in favor of obtaining the rights to legally colonize Palestine. He wrote in “Zionism and antisemitism” in 1905 :

"Zionism rejects on principle all colonization on a small scale, and the idea of "sneaking" into Palestine. The Zionists have therefore devoted themselves preëminently to a zealous and tireless advocacy of the uniting of the already existing Jewish colonies in Palestine with those who until now have given them their aid and who of late have inclined towards the withdrawal of their support from them." For the moment the committee of action is trying to obtain from Turkey a charter for the colonization of such land in Palestine as can be disposed of, and which at present is lying waste, and for the opening of its neglected resources.

Menachem Ussishkin (1863 – 1941) was a Russian-born Zionist leader and head of the Jewish National Fund. He was one of the founders of the “Labour Zionist” faction of Zionism. He was opposed to Herzl during the “Uganda scheme” debates during which Herzl suggested creating a Zionist colony in what is now Kenya. In 1905, he published the pamphlet “Our Program”, in which he advocates for purchasing lands, moving to Palestine, creating settlements, and educational and organizational work among the people. Much like Herzl, he was not afraid of describing this undertaking as “colonial”. Chapter 8 of Our Program is called ”The colonization of the country (Palestine) by Jewish Farmers and Artisans”. On page 27 of the same pamphlet, he writes :

This is the condition of the Labor Problem in Palestine. Among many thousand Arabs there are only a few Jewish laborers. That is in the broadest sense of the word a sore spot in our colonisation.

Ber Borochov (1881 - 1917), one of the founders of the Labor Zionist movement, wrote in 1906 the manifesto of the movement “Our Platform” in which he writes :

Jewish migration must be transformed from immigration into colonization. This means a territorial solution of the Jewish problem [..]

Nahum Sokolow (1859 – 17 May 1936) was the Secretary General of the World Zionist Organization between 1907-1909 and its president between 1931-1935. In History of Zionism, volume 1, published in 1919, he writes :

Zionists want a commonwealth of Jewish colonization and labour, a settlement of Jewish pioneers and workers who will be able to create and to develop a civilization of their own, undisturbed by any restrictions. This is possible only in Palestine, and is the paramount necessity of the whole Jewish people all over the world.

David Wolffsohn (1855 - 1914) was the President of the World Zionist Organization between 1905-1911. In a June 30th, 1896 letter to Max Nordau, he writes :

Our discussion related only to the newspaper reports and I found everywhere the fear that the founding of a Society of Jews could perhaps harm the colonisation of Palestine. The previous activities of the German Zionists consisted and still consist of practical support for the colonisation of Palestine. Ten years of painstaking work lie behind us and only today are the colonies beginning to bear fruit.

Otto Warburg (1859 – 1938) was a botanist and the President of the World Zionist Organization between 1911-1921. After his death in 1938, an obituary in the Jewish Telegraphic Agency described his contribution to the Zionist cause:

He became interested in Zionism in the early days of the movement, and was one of the heads of the Palestine Commission appointed by the Sixth Zionist Congress. However, he had little taste for “diplomatic Zionism” and devoted himself largely to “practical Zionism,” or colonization work in Palestine.

Franz Oppenheimer (1864-1943) was a prominent German sociologist, economist and Zionist activist. On 26 August 1903, he gave an address at the sixth Zionist Congress in Basel dubbed “A First Program for Zionist Colonization”. In his speech, he argues for Zionist colonization of Palestine through the creation of agricultural settlements for Jews.
Vladimir Jabotinsky (1880 – 1940), another important Zionist leader who came a generation after Herzl and Ussishkin, wrote in his 1923 essay "The Iron Wall" :

It is utterly impossible to obtain the voluntary consent of the Palestine Arabs for converting "Palestine" from an Arab country into a country with a Jewish majority. My readers have a general idea of the history of colonisation in other countries. I suggest that they consider all the precedents with which they are acquainted, and see whether there is one solitary instance of any colonisation being carried on with the consent of the native population. There is no such precedent. The native populations, civilised or uncivilised, have always stubbornly resisted the colonists, irrespective of whether they were civilised or savage

Israel Langwill (1864 1926) was a close associate of Theodore Herzl. Langwill later rejected the plan to colonize Palestine and called for Jewish colonization elsewhere, since he believed there weren’t enough resources in Palestine to host all 16 million Jews who lived in the world at the time. During a speech at the Carnegie Hall on October 13th, 1923, he said :

Political Zionism is dead [...] Too late the Carlsbad conference has voted its protest that not even the State lands and waste lands mentioned in the mandate have been allotted to the Zionists. Indeed, a colonization without a territorial charter, in which the land has to be bought literally by the square yard and every purchase puts up the price of land against yourself, iis a monstrosity unknown to history.

Arthur Ruppin (1876 – 1943), Zionist leader, one of the founders of Tel Aviv, wrote in 1929 in Buying the Emek (Jezreel Valley) :

The acquisition of the Emek Yizael for Jewish colonization has been the object of Jewish efforts for many years. It was natural that this region, the largest fertile plain of Palestine, should have aroused the interest of the Jewish colonization societies at the very beginning.

David Ben Gurion (1886 – 1973) was the head of the Jewish Agency (operative branch of the World Zionist Organization) and later first Prime Minister of Israel. In a 1937 letter to his son Amos, reacting to the Peel Commission Report, he wrote :

Palestine is grossly under populated. It contains vast colonization potential which the Arabs neither need nor are qualified (because of their lack of need) to exploit. There is no Arab immigration problem. There is no Arab exile. Arabs are not persecuted. They have a homeland, and it is vast.

Joseph Weitz (1890–1972) was the head of the Jewish Agency's Colonization Department, which was tasked with acquiring land for the Zionist enterprise in Palestine, wrote in 1938 :

“Between ourselves it must be clear that there is no room for both peoples together in this country. We shall not achieve our goal if the Arabs are in this small country. There is no other way than to transfer the Arabs from here to neighboring countries — all of them. Not one village, not one tribe should be left.” (Quoted from A History of the Concept of "Transfer" in Zionism by Israel Shahak )

Cham Weizmann (1874 – 1952) was a Zionist leader who served as president of the Zionist Organization between 1921–1931 and 1935–1946 and later as the first president of Israel. During a hearing on 8 July 1947 at 9 AM for the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP), he said :

Other peoples have colonized great countries, rich countries. They found when they entered there backward populations. And they did for the backward populations what they did. I am not a historian, and I am not sitting in judgment on the colonizing activity of the various great nations which have colonized backward regions. But I would like to say that, as compared with the result of the colonizing activities of other peoples, our impact on the Arabs has not produced very much worse results than what has been produced by others in other countries.

Zionists founded organizations which they openy called colonial, like the Jewish Colonization Association in 1891 or the Jewish Colonial Trust in 1902 .
I have cited numerous primary sources from all the important Zionist leaders between the 1860s and the 1930s, they all openly said that they were colonizers, because at the time it was seen as something positive, rightfully undertaken by the strong for their own benefit. Despite overwhelming evidence Zionists today deny it because public opinion in general has turned on colonialism.

[OFFER]
*(VUDU is now Fandango At Home)
MOVIES:
Scoob! SD (MA)
Toy Story 3 HD (MA)
Percy Jackson and the Olympians 2 film collection SD (MA)
Logan HD (MA) or 4K (iTunes)
Oppenheimer 4K (MA)
Encanto HD (MA)
Saw 1-8 HD (VUDU)
Le Miserables (2012) HD (MA) or 4K (iTunes)
21 Jump Street HD (MA)
Transformers The Last Knight HD (VUDU)
Bohemian Rhapsody HD (MA)
Hacksaw Ridge HD (VUDU)
Monster Trucks HD (VUDU)
Allied HD (VUDU)
X-Men: Days of Future Past HD (MA) or 4K (iTunes)
X-Men: Apocalypse HD (MA) or 4K (iTunes)
Gifted HD (MA)
Taken 2 HD (MA)
The Force Awakens 4K (MA)
1917 4K (MA)
John Wick 1 and 2 HD (VUDU)
Bob's Burgers Movie HD (MA)
Bohemian Rhapsody HD (MA)
Halloween Kills HD (MA)
The Interview HD (MA)
Pompeii SD (MA)
Only the Brave SD (MA)
This is the End SD (MA)
Now You See Me 2 SD (VUDU)
Knock Knock (2015) SD (VUDU)
Kingsman: The Secret Service SD (MA)
Snake Eyes 4K (VUDU)
Alien Covenant HD (MA) or 4K (iTunes)
Alien HD (MA) or 4K (iTunes)
Ex Machina HD (VUDU)
Uncharted SD (MA)
Spies in Disguise HD (MA)
The Fault in Our Stars HD (MA) or 4K (iTunes)
A Good Day to Die Hard (EXTENDED) HD (MA)
Wakanda Forever HD (MA)
Top Gun 4K (VUDU)
The Emoji Movie HD (MA)
Bloodshot SD (MA)
Robocop (2014) HD (VUDU)
Ghostbusters Afterlife HD (MA)
The Mummy (1999) HD (MA) or 4K (iTunes)
The Mummy: Dragon Emperor HD (MA) or 4K (iTunes)
Fast and Furious 8 Movie Collection HD (MA)
Maze Runner Trilogy HD (MA)
Captain Marvel 4K (MA)
Prometheus HD (MA)
Skyfall HD (VUDU)
Looper SD (MA)
Spider-Man 3 HD (MA)
Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness SD (VUDU)
Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2 SD (MA)
The Smurfs 2 SD (MA)
X2: X-Men United HD (MA)
The Wolverine (Unrated) HD (MA)
Morbius SD (MA)
Peter Rabbit SD (MA)
Arthur Christmas SD (MA)
Little Women (2019) SD (MA)
Pitch Perfect Trilogy HD (MA)
Men in Black SD (MA)
Men in Black 2 SD (MA)
Men in Black 3 SD (MA)
Men in Black: International SD (MA)
The Lion King (Animated) 4K (MA)
Midway 4K (VUDU)
Planes: Fire and Rescue HD (MA)
Jurassic Park Trilogy 4K (iTunes) ports to MA
Alita Battle Angel 4K (MA)
Assassin's Creed 4K (MA)
Thor: Love and Thunder HD (MA)
Toy Story 4 4K (MA)
Ghost in the Shell (2017) 4K (VUDU)
John Wick 1 and 2 HD (VUDU)
Mulan (Live Action) HD (MA)
iTunes SD can't check, will send first (ports to MA):
Jumper SD (iTunes)
Glee: the concert SD (iTunes)
Inglourious Basterds SD (iTunes)
Wanted SD (iTunes)
Babylon AD SD (iTunes)
TV:
Breaking Bad Season 5 HD (VUDU)
Ash Vs. Evil Dead Complete Series HD (VUDU)
Walking Dead Season 11 HD (VUDU)
Get Shorty Season 1 HD (VUDU)
[REQUEST]
(PRIORITY)
Kung Fu Panda 4
Fantasia
Fantasia 2000
Ready or Not
(SECONDARY)
Crisis on Infinite Earths part 1
Crisis on Infinite earths part 2
Justice League x RWBY Part Two
Mortal Kombat Legends: Snow Blind
Mortal Kombat Legends: Cage Match
Paws of Fury: the legend of Hank
Bodies, Bodies, Bodies
Infinity Pool (Uncut)
The Whale
Strays
Ruby Gillman Teenage Kraken
Magic Mike's last dance
Muppets: Most Wanted
(I am willing to part with multiple codes for newer movies)

●Movies Anywhere●
•(Bundles)•
•Alfred Hitchcock Classics Collection Volume 1 (4k) (4 Movie) (One Code)
1: The Birds (4K)
2: Psycho (4K)
3: Rear Window (4K)
4: Vertigo (4K)
•Best of the 2000's 10 Film Collection (4K/HD) (One Code)
1: A.I.: Artificial Intelligence (HD) (10-Film)
2: Best in Show (HD) (10-Film)
3: The Departed (4K) (10-Film)
4: A History of Violence (HD) (10-Film)
5: The Hangover (4K) (10-Film)
6: I Am Legend (4K) (10-Film)
7: Letters From Iwo Jima (HD) (10-Film)
8: Mystic River (HD) (10-Film)
9: Ocean's Eleven (HD) (10-Film)
10: Pan's Labyrinth (4K) (10-Film)
•Halloween Trilogy (4k) (One Code)
1: Halloween (2018) (4K)
3: Halloween Ends (4K)
2: Halloween Kills (4K)
•High On Your Watch List 8-Film Collection (HD) (MA) (One Code)
1: Due Date (HD) (8-Film)
2: Friday (HD) (8-Film)
3: Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle (HD) (MA) (8-Film)
4: House Party (HD) (MA) (8-Film)
5: Inherent Vice (HD) (MA) (8-Film)
6: Project X (HD) (MA) (8-Film)
7: Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny (HD) (MA) (8-Film)
8: We're the Millers (HD) (MA) (8-Film)
•Men in Black Trilogy (4k) (One Code)
1: Men in Black (4K)
2: Men in Black 2 (4K)
3: Men In Black 3 (4K)
•Meryl Streep 8-film Collection (4K/HD) (MA) (One Code)
1: Death Becomes Her (HD) (8-Film)
2: It's Complicated (HD) (8-Film)
3: Mama Mia!: The Movie (4K) (8-Film)
4: Mama Mia!: Here We Go Again (4K) (8-Film)
5: One True thing (HD) (8-Film)
6: Out of Africa (HD) (8-Film)
7: Prime (HD) (8-Film)
8: The River Wild (HD) (8-Film)
•(4K)•
1917 (4K)
2 Guns (4K)
Abominable (4K)
The Abyss (4K)
Aliens (4K)
Ambulance (4K)
American Gangster (Extended Edition) (4k)
Annie (4K)
Ant-Man and the Wasp Quantumania (4K)
Aqua Teen Forever: Plantasm (4K)
As Good As It Gets (4K)
Avatar: The Way of Water (4k)
Avatar: The Way of Water (Collector's Edition) (4k)
Avengers (4K)
Babylon 5: The Road Home (4K)
Backdraft (4k)
Battleship (4K)
The Batman (4k)
Big Hero 6 (4K) (MA Split)
The Big Lebowski (4K)
Black Hawk Down (Theatrical & Extended) (4K)
Black Panther Wakanda Forever (4k) (MA Split)
Black Widow (4k) (MA Split)
Bloodshot (4K)
The Blues Brothers (4K) (Theatrical & Unrated)
Bullet Train (4k)
Cinderella (4K) (MA Split)
A Christmas Story (4k)
Cliffhanger (4k)
Concussion (4K)
Cruella (4K)
The Dark Crystal (4k)
District 9 (4K)
Do the Right Thing (4K)
Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (4K)
Doom (4K)
Dr. Strangelove (4k)
Encanto (4K)
Enter the Dragon (4k)
Eternals (4K)
Evil Dead Rise (4k)
The Exorcist (4k) (Theatrical & Extended)
The Exorcist: Believer (4K)
The Fabelmans (4k)
The Fast and the Furious (4k)
Fast X (4k)
Field of Dreams (4k)
The Forever Purge (4K)
Free Guy (4k)
From Here to Eternity (4k)
Fury (4k)
Get Out (4K)
Ghostbusters Afterlife (4K)
Glass (4K)
Glory (4K)
Godzilla (1998) (4K)
Gran Turismo (4K)
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (4K)
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (4K)
The Guns of Navarone (4k)
Heat (4k)
Heavy Metal (4K)
Hellboy (2004) (4k)
Hellboy 2: The Golden Army (4K)
His Girl Friday (4K)
Hobbs and Shaw (4k)
Hocus Pocus 4k (MA Split)
In the Line of Fire (4K)
Invisible Man (4k)
It Happened One Night 4k
Jaws (4k)
Jaws 2 (4k)
Jumanji (1995) (4k)
Jurassic World Dominion (4K)
Jurrasic World Fallen Kingdom (4K)
Kick Ass 2 (4k)
King Kong (2005) (Theatrical) (4k)
Kramer Vs Kramer (4K)
Last Actio Hero (4K)
The Last Picture Show (4K)
Lawrence of Arabia (4k)
The Lion King (Animated) (4K)
The Lion King (Live Action) (4k)
The Little Mermaid (2023) (4k)
The Lost Boys (4k)
The Martian (Extended Edition) (4k)
Meg 2: The Trench (4K)
Moon (4K)
Morbius (4K)
Mulan (2020) (4K)
National Lampoon's Animal House (4k)
National Lampoon's Vacation (4k)
Oblivion (4k)
Oliver (4k)
Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (4k)
Onward (4K) (MA Split)
Oppenheimer (4k)
Parasite (4k)
Paprika (4K)
Poltergeist (4k)
Predator (4k)
The Prestige (4k) (MA Split)
The Prince of Egypt (4k)
Punch Drunk Love (4K)
The Raid Redemption (4K)
Rebel Without a Cause (4k)
R.I.P.D. (4K)
Rudy (4k)
Sense and Sensibility (4k)
Schindler's List (4k)
Shang Chi (4K)
To Sir With Love (4k)
Sleepless in Seattle (4K)
Smokey and the Bandit (4k)
Snow White (4K) (MA Split)
Soul (4k) (MA Split)
Spartacus (4k )
Speed (4K)
Spider-Man Across the Spider-Verse 4k
Spies in Disguise (4K) (MA) (Split)
Super Mario Bros. (4k)
Starman (4K)
Tár (4k)
Training Day (4k)
Unbreakable (4K) (MA Split)
Venom (4K)
Violent Night (4K)
West Side Story (4K) (MA Split)
Whiplash (4K)
Zero Dark Thirty (4K)
Zombieland (4k)
•(HD)•
Ant-Man & The Wasp (HD MA) (Split) (MA)
Avengers: Age of Ultron (HD) (MA Split)
Beauty and the Beast (HD MA) (MA) (Split)
Black Panther (HD MA) (Split) (MA)
Black Phone (HD) (MA)
The Breakfast Club (HD)
Brother Bear (HD) (MA)
Brother Bear 2 (HD) (MA)
Captain America: Civil War (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Captain America: The First Avenger (HD MA) (Split)
Captain America: Winter Soldier (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Despicable Me 2 (HD) (MA Split)
A Dog's Purpose (HD) (MA Split)
The Fast and the Furious 6 (Extended Edition) (HD) (MA Split)
The Gunman (HD) (MA Split)
Hercules (Disney) (HD) (MA Split)
Hocus Pocus (HD) (MA) (Split)
Home (2015) (HD) (MA)
How to Train Your Dragon 2 (HD) (MA Split)
The Huntsman: Winter's War (HD) (MA Split)
Jarhead 2 (Unrated) (HD) (MA Split)
Jurrasic Park HD MA (Split)
Jurrasic Park: The Lost World HD MA (Split)
Jurrasic Park 3 HD MA Split)
Jurrasic Park 3 HD MA
Jurrasic World HD MA (Split)
Les Misérables (HD) (MA Split)
Megan Leavey (HD) (MA Split)
The Menu (HD) (MA)
My All American (HD) (MA Split)
The Nightmare Before Christmas (HD MA) (Split)
The Nut Job (HD) (MA Split)
Oz the Great and Powerful (HD) (MA Split)
Peter Pan (HD)
Pitch Perfect (HD)
Pitch Perfect 2 (HD)
Point Break (HD)
Rio (HD)
Rise of the Guardians (HD) (MA Split)
Sleeping Beauty (HD MA) (MA) (Split)
Snow White (HD MA) (MA) (Split)
Snow White & the Huntsman HD (MA Split)
Straight Outta Compton (Theatrical) HD (MA Split)
Straight Outta Compton (Unrated) HD (MA Split)
Sword in the Stone 60th Anniversary Edition HD (MA Split)
Thor Love & Thunder HD (MA Split)
Upgrade (HD)
When the Game Stands Tall HD
Willow (HD) (MA Split)
●Google Play Disney Splits●
•(HD)•
101 Dalmatians 2 (HD GP)
Ant-Man & The Wasp (HD GP)
Atlantis: Milo's Return (HD GP)
Atlantis: The Lost Empire (HD GP)
Avatar: The Way of Water (HD GP)
Avengers: Age of Ultron (HD GP)
Avengers: Endgame (HD GP)
Bambi (HD GP)
Banshees of Inisherin (HD GP)
Beauty & the Beast (HD GP)
Bedknobs and Broomsticks (HD GP)
Big Hero 6 (HD GP)
Black Panther (HD GP)
Black Panther Wakanda Forever (HD GP)
Black Widow (HD GP)
Brave (HD GP)
Bridge of spies (HD GP)
Captain Marvel (HD GP)
Captain America: Civil War (HD GP)
Captain America: Winter Soldier (HD GP)
Captain America: The First Avenger (HD GP)
Cinderella (Animated) (HD GP)
Coco (HD GP)
Disneynature Monkey Kingdom (HD GP)
Doctor Strange (HD GP)
Doctor Strange: Multiverse of Madness (HD GP)
Dumbo (Animated) (HD GP)
The Emperor's New Groove (HD GP)
Finding Dory (HD GP)
Finding Nemo (HD GP)
The Fox and the Hound (HD GP)
The French Dispatch (HD GP)
Frozen (Sing-Along Edition) (HD GP)
Hocus Pocus (HD GP)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (HD GP)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame 2 (HD GP)
Iron Man 3 (HD GP)
The Jungle Book (Animated) (HD GP)
The Jungle Book 2 (HD GP)
Kings Man (HD GP)
Kronk's New Groove (HD GP)
The Last Duel (HD GP)
Lightyear (HD GP)
The Lion King (Animated) (HD GP)
The Lion King (Live Action) (HD GP)
The Little Mermaid 3 (HD GP)
Luca (HD GP)
Maleficent (HD GP)
Maleficent: Mistress of Evil (HD GP)
McFarland U.S.A (HD GP)
Mickey's Christmas Carol (HD GP)
Million Dollar Arm (HD GP)
Moana (HD GP)
Monsters Inc (HD GP)
Mulan (2020) (HD GP)
Muppets Most Wanted (HD GP)
Nightmare Alley (HD GP)
The Nightmare Before Christmas (HD GP)
Onward (HD GP)
Oz the Great and Powerful (HD GP)
Peter Pan HD (GP)
Pete's Dragon (Live Action) (HD GP)
Pixar Short Films Volume 3 (HD GP)
Pocahontas (HD GP)
The Prestige (HD GP)
Ratatouille (HD GP)
Raya and the Last Dragon (HD GP)
Robin Hood (HD GP)
Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (HD GP)
The Santa Clause (HD GP)
Sleeping Beauty (HD GP)
Snow White (HD GP)
Soul (HD GP)
Spies in Disguise (HD GP)
Star Wars: A New Hope (HD GP)
Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back (HD GP)
Star Wars: The Last Jedi (HD GP)
Star Wars: The Phantom Menace (HD GP)
Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (HD GP)
Sword in the Stone 60th Anniversary Edition (HD GP)
Thor Love & Thunder (HD GP)
Thor Ragnarok (HD GP)
Tomorrowland (HD GP)
Unbreakable (HD GP)
West Side Story (HD GP)
A Wrinkle In Time (HD GP)
Zootopia (HD GP)
●iTunes●
•(4K)•
Allied (4k) (iTunes Split)
Annihilation (4K) (iTunes Split)
Avengers: Endgame (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Captain Marvel (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Daddy's Home (4K) (iTunes Split)
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (4k iTunes) (MA)
Despicable Me 2 (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Despicable Me 3 (4K iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Doctor Strange (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Everest (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
The Fast & the Furious 6 (Extended Edition) (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Finding Dory (4k iTunes) (split) (MA)
Forest Gump (4K) (iTunes Split)
Gemini Man (4K) (iTunes Split)
Ghost in the Shell (Live Action) (4k iTunes Split)
Heat (4k iTunes) (MA)
How to Train Your Dragon 2 (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Iron Man 3 (4K iTunes Split) (MA)
Joy (4k iTunes) (MA)
Jurrasic Park (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Jurrasic Park: The Lost World (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Jurrasic World (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
The Kingsman Secret Service (4k iTunes) (MA)
La La Land (4k) (iTunes) (Split)
Les Misérables (4K iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Lone Survivor (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Maleficent (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Maleficent: Mistress of Evil (4K iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Moana (4K iTunes) (Split) (MA)
No Time To Die (4k)
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Oswald Spengler

29 May 1880 – 08 May 1936
Part of a Series on the Philosophy of History
Oswald Spengler and the Incommensurability of Civilizations
Wednesday 29 May 2024 is the 144th anniversary of the birth of Oswald Spengler (29 May 1880 – 08 May 1936), who was born in Blankenburg, Germany, on this date in 1880. It is also the 571st anniversary of the fall of Constantinople to the Turks, which was on 29 May 1453. Spengler was born on the 427th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople. There is a kind of poetic appropriateness to Spengler being born on the same day as the end of the last trace of an ancient civilization, since Spengler was to go on to write about the decline of Western civilization.
In The Decline of the West (Der Untergang des Abendlandes)—the first volume was published in 1918 and the second volume in 1922—Byzantium does not play a large role, but in the second volume we find this interesting observation:

“Here layer after layer has to be carefully separated. In 326 Constantine, rebuilding on the ruins of the great city destroyed by Septimus Severus, created a Late Classical cosmopolis of the first rank, into which presently streamed hoary Apollinism from the West and youthful Magism from the East. And long afterwards again, in 1096, it is a Late Magian cosmopolis, confronted in its last autumn days with spring in the shape of Godfrey of Bouillon’s crusaders, whom that clever royal lady Anna Comnena portrays with contempt. As the easternmost of the Classical West, this city bewitched the Goths; then, a millennium later, as the northernmost of the Arabian world, it enchanted the Russians. And the amazing Vasili Blazheny in Moscow (1554), the herald of the Russian pre-Culture, stands ‘between styles,’ just as, two thousand years before, Solomon’s Temple had stood between Babylon the Cosmopolis and early Christianity.”

For Spengler, Byzantium hovers between what he calls the Apollonian and the Magian, that is to say between the ancient West and the east. Throughout the book, Spengler’s interest is in an exposition of three fundamentally different outlooks on life, the Apollonian, the Magian, and the Faustian. The Apollonian is essentially that of classical antiquity; the Magian is Persian and Arabic civilization; the Faustian is modern Western civilization. Many other outlooks on life and many other civilizations are mentioned, but these three are at the center of Spengler’s account of history.
Given this way of laying things out, there is a fundamental difference between ancient and contemporary Western civilization. Since Spengler cleaves Western civilization in two, it counts as two in his catalog of civilizations. Spengler is often said to distinguish a discrete number of civilizations, or rather high cultures that decline into civilizations. Fennelly’s book on Spengler, Twilight of the Evening Lands: Oswald Spengler—A Half Century Later, lays it out like this:

“Spengler presents the story of eight separate High Cultures of the human race, no one of which is considered more important than any of the others. These eight are: the Babylonian, the Indian, the Chinese, the Egyptian, the Classical (the Culture of Greece and Rome), the Arabian (also called the Magian by Spengler), the West European (or Faustian) Culture, and finally the Mayan-Aztec Culture of Mexico.” (Fennelly, p. 30)

Spengler doesn’t really reel off a list of civilizations in any kind of explicit way. Spengler is the antithesis of a schematic writer. That’s not how he presents his account to the reader. Spengler’s exposition is dense, detailed, and sometimes repetitious—what anthropologists would call a “thick description.” It wouldn’t be too far off to say that the whole the The Decline of the West is a thick description of Apollonian, Magian, and Faustian civilizations and the peoples who built these civilizations.
Because Spengler’s exposition is dense and difficult to understand, he has attracted not only admirers, but also expositors. Farrenkopf’s book about Spengler, Prophet of Decline: Spengler on World History and Politics, locates Spengler within the traditions of positivism and historicism:

“Spengler denied the capacity of the historical philosopher to derive scientific laws in imitation of the natural scientist. ‘Real history is heavy with destiny, but free of laws.’ However, his daring project to uncover the master pattern of world history certainly bears some resemblance to the enterprise of historical positivists to discover historical laws. While German historicism was essentially idiographic in orientation, Spengler, his own protests to the contrary, with his methodical systematization and patternization of history, was largely nomothetic in approach, as were positivist historians. His aspiration to predictive powers also certainly places him in proximity to the positivist tradition.” (Farrenkopf, p. 84)

When we think too much in terms of labels we tend to tie ourselves into knots, and to little or no purpose. Farrenkopf’s exposition of Spengler is weakened in this way by his reliance on familiar categories. For example, Farrenkopf claims that Spengler belongs among the positivists. Were there positivists who sought to discover historical laws? Yes, there were. Carl Hempel came from the tradition of logical empiricism and he formulated the covering law model of historical explanation. But there are good reasons that we do not associate this school of thought with the kind of substantive philosophy of history that Spengler represents.
Otto Neurath, who was a leader among the logical positivists, one of the Vienna Circle, and an editor of the International Encyclopedia of Unified Sciences, wrote an entire book against Spengler. In Anti-Spengler, Neurath wrote:

“It is not the individual wrong results, the wrong facts, the wrong proofs, that make Spengler’s book so dangerous, but above all his method of conducting proofs, and his reflections on proof as such. Against this one must defend oneself. Anyone who wants to shape a happier future with hope and striving should know that none of Spengler’s ‘proofs’ is enough to prevent him; and whoever wishes to come to terms with the idea of ‘decline’ should know that he does so on the basis of a resolution, and not a proof!”

This is what one positivist himself had to say, in part, about Spengler, but it should suffice to read one paragraph out of Spengler to be clear that he is not any kind of positivist. Neurath was, after all, the epitome of a schematic intellect, which was why he cooked up the idea of the International Encyclopedia of Unified Sciences and his graphical symbol system called ISOTYPE, which is familiar to us today on traffic signs. It would be difficult to find two men more temperamentally divergent than Spengler and Neurath. Spengler did not see himself as a positivist, and the positivists did not count him as one of their own.
Farrenkopf at one point appeals to Iggers’ book on historicism, so I looked to see what Iggers had to say about Spengler, and Iggers wrote this:

“…the path from the classical idea of progress to Spengler’s conception of doom is not as great as it might appear. There is a degree of continuity in the very different analyses of the dominant trends of history and of the character of the age by thinkers as diverse as Condorcet, J. S. Mill, Weber, and Spengler. All saw the irresistible scientification and technicalization of life and thought. Only rationality and Enlightenment, which for Condorcet had been absolutely positive factors in the liberation of man, now increasingly appeared as a threat to human values. For Spengler they became the very antithesis to life and spirit: the ‘heroic’ qualities of the knight and the priest replaced the humanistic and humanitarian values of the West. To Troeltsch the Decline of the West seemed an invitation to barbarism and itself an ‘active contribution to the decline of the West.’ Nevertheless, Troeltsch’s cumbersome essays were read by few. Spengler’s book, however, became a Bible, and a source of inspiration for tens of thousands.”

Iggers’ discussion of historicism is among the best to be found, but he doesn’t especially tie Spengler to historicism. However, here the label is somewhat justified if we understand by historicism the taking of each age on its own terms. This is most definitely central to Spengler’s method. But most labels don’t work well with Spengler.
The nomothetic and idiographic labels that Farrenkopf uses don’t work well with Spengler. The linear and cyclical history labels also don’t work well with Spengler. It’s better to set aside familiar labels and any attempt at a schematization when reading Spengler, and try to enter into the labels that Spengler himself furnishes, as with his Apollonian, Magian, and Faustian civilizations.
More than most philosophers of history, Spengler belongs to no philosophical school, except the school he built for himself. In a letter to Georg Misch Spengler wrote,

“I am not the product of any school of philosophy, rather these ideas have somehow condensed from mathematics, history, painting and literature into a metaphysical whole.”

Being the product of no extant school of thought, he didn’t have to please anyone except himself. And like Toynbee’s A Study of History, The Decline of the West was not really aimed at academic philosophers of history, but it is, at the same time, a demanding work that does not hesitate to delve into metaphysical questions. In a letter to Albert Erich Brinkman, Spengler wrote of his recently published book, a copy of which he sent to Brinkman:

“Although the book is concerned with the philosophy of history in general, and is therefore basically physical abstract and even metaphysical, yet as the result of a new method and the posing of the problems, it is always in close connection with the most concrete facts, and has dealt specially with Art in the details of its form and development more thoroughly than hitherto has been usual or possible. It is my conviction that in this an important new turning has been taken…”

On the opening page of The Decline of the West (Der Untergang des Abendlandes), Spengler describes his project with admirable clarity, and does so by asking questions:

“Is there a logic of history? Is there, beyond all the casual and incalculable elements of the separate events, something that we may call a metaphysical structure of historic humanity, something that is essentially independent of the outward forms social, spiritual and political which we see so clearly? Are not these actualities indeed secondary or derived from that something? Does world-history present to the seeing eye certain grand traits, again and again, with sufficient constancy to justify certain conclusions? And if so, what are the limits to which reasoning from such premisses may be pushed?”

Spengler embraced the philosophical and metaphysical dimension of his work, contrary to the rising positivism of era, but he was not giving an exposition of a particular philosophical doctrine or school.
Spengler was not himself an academic, though he worked as a teacher until he received a small inheritance, upon which he lived modestly for the rest of his life. He was an outsider, and he remains an outsider even today. There is no article on Spengler in either the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy of the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. I think Spengler’s being an outsider had something to do with the success of his book.
The social sciences in his time were increasingly coming under the influence of Franz Boas’ cultural relativism, which decisively rejected the earlier cultural evolutionism of Edward Burnett Tylor, Lewis H. Morgan, and Marx, which was becoming eclipsed in academia as a result of Boas’ influence. Spengler, working in near isolation, produced a philosophy of history that employed some familiar ideas of cultural evolutionism just as this space was being abandoned by others, so that the book fell on the fertile ground of those who find cultural evolutionism to an intuitive way of looking at history. Of course, cultural evolutionism is another label, and it is an awkward label for what Spengler was doing. There is another side of Spengler’s thought, such as the incommensurability of civilizations, which is closer to Boas’ cultural relativism, and that is a reason to avoid these familiar categories in describing Spengler’s project.
Whether or not I am right about this, Boas’ student Ruth Benedict nevertheless discussed Spengler in her influential study Patterns of Culture:

“The confused impression which is given by Spengler’s volumes is due only partially to the manner of presentation. To an even greater degree it is the consequence of the unresolved complexities of the civilizations with which he deals. Western civilizations, with their historical diversity, their stratificaton into occupations and classes, their incomparable richness of detail, are not yet well enough understood to be summarized under a couple of catchwords. Outside of certain very restricted intellectual and artistic circles, Faustian man, if he occurs, does not have his own way with our civilization. There are the strong men of action and the Babbitts as well as the Faustians, and no ethnologically satisfactory picture of modern civilization can ignore such constantly recurring types. It is quite as convincing to characterize our cultural type as thoroughly extrovert, running about in endless mundane activity, inventing, governing, and as Edward Carpenter says, ‘endlessly catching its trains,’ as it is to characterize it as Faustian, with a longing for the infinite.”

Benedict discusses Spengler for several pages. By the time she published Patterns of Culture in 1934 the Spengler wave had already crested, but he had become so widely discussed that it was more-or-less obligatory to mention Spengler in relation to the problems of civilization, even if only to dismiss him. Note that Benedict writes of the “confused impression” that Spengler’s book leaves. It has become a kind of pro forma obligation not only to mention Spengler, but also to portray his work as confused, or overly complex, or “turgid,” and not really meant to be understood.
We find a similar dismissal of Spengler in Henri Frankfort’s The Birth of Civilization in the Near East, which is a fascinating mixture of accuracy and invective:

“Oswald Spengler’s Decline of the West was first published in 1917 and bears the sub-title, Outline of a Morphology of World History. This indicates that the aspect of form (as we have called it) is fully considered in his work. In this resides, as a matter of fact, the element of lasting worth of his sensational, arrogant, and pompous volumes. They were written as a reaction against the prevalent view of history which was prejudiced in two respects: it considered world history exclusively from the western standpoint; and it presumed, with evolutionary optimism, that history exemplified the progress of humanity. For Spengler the word ‘humanity’ is merely an empty phrase. The great civilizations are unconnected. They are self-contained organisms of so individual a nature that people who belong to one cannot understand the achievements and modes of thought of another. He maintains that not even in science does knowledge show accumulations transcending the limits of one civilization.”

This is largely on point, both in terms of where it agrees with his work, and as an accurate summary. Benedict, too, is often on point with Spengler. She is right that the complexities of the civilizations that Spengler discussed pose limitations upon what can coherently be said of them, but Spengler responds by formulating a complex account that seeks to do them justice. This is what I earlier called a “thick description,” and my guess is that Benedict, as an anthropologist, was drawn into Spengler by this aspect of his work.
I said above that Spengler’s account employs many familiar ideas of cultural evolutionism. Here is now Benedict expresses these ideas in Spengler’s work:

“…these cultural configurations have, like any organism, a span of life they cannot overpass. This thesis of the doom of civilizations is argued on the basis of the shift of cultural centres in Western civilization and the periodicity of high cultural achievement. He buttresses this description with the analogy, which can never be more than an analogy, with the birth- and death-cycle of living organisms. Every civilization, he believes, has its lusty youth, its strong manhood, and its disintegrating senescence.”

These cultural evolutionism themes are clearly present in Spengler, but, as I said, there are elements in Spengler that could be assimilated to the cultural relativist model, insofar as Spengler characterizes each civilization in strongly idiographic terms, such that civilizations are essentially incommensurable, which is the point that Frankfort emphasizes. Civilizations rise up out of a population, pass through their stages, and then recede again, but each such episode is unique, even if the stages of development are repeated in each and every civilization. In the following paragraph from Spengler we can see themes of cultural relativism and cultural evolutionism entwined together:

“‘Mankind,’ however, has no aim, no idea, no plan, any more than the family of butterflies or orchids. ‘Mankind’ is a zoological expression, or an empty word. But conjure away the phantom, break the magic circle, and at once there emerges an astonishing wealth of actual forms the Living with all its immense fullness, depth and movement hitherto veiled by a catchword, a dryasdust scheme, and a set of personal ‘ideals.’ I see, in place of that empty figment of one linear history which can only be kept up by shutting one’s eyes to the overwhelming multitude of the facts, the drama of a number of mighty Cultures, each springing with primitive strength from the soil of a mother region to which it remains firmly bound throughout its whole life-cycle, each stamping its material, its mankind, in its own image; each having its own idea, its own passions, its own life, will, and feeling, its own death Here indeed are colours, lights, movements, that no intellectual eye has yet discovered. Here the Cultures, peoples, languages, truths, gods, landscapes bloom and age as the oaks and the stone-pines, the blossoms, twigs and leaves but there is no ageing ‘Mankind.’ Each Culture has its own new possibilities of self-expression which arise, ripen, decay, and never return. There is not one sculpture, one painting, one mathematics, one physics, but many, each in its deepest essence different from the others, each limited in duration and self-contained, just as each species of plant has its peculiar blossom or fruit, its special type of growth and decline. These cultures, sublimated life-essences, grow with the same superb aimlessness as the flowers of the field. They belong, like the plants and the animals, to the living Nature of Goethe, and not to the dead Nature of Newton. I see world-history as a picture of endless formations and transformations, of the marvelous waxing and waning of organic forms. The professional historian, on the contrary, sees it as a sort of tapeworm industriously adding on to itself one epoch after another.”

Unlike Hegel, there is in Spengler no development of Absolute Spirit as it passes through stages of development embodied in different civilizations. There isn’t even any cumulative scientific knowledge or technological expertise. For Spengler, all the civilizations are the same in the sense that each is unique; each develops according to its own internal principles, but none contributes to any overall development in history. History on the whole has no direction, it does not exhibit progress, and for the same reason it does not consist of any overall cycle, notwithstanding the frequent attribution to Spengler of a cyclical philosophy of history. Neither it is linear.
Not only is each culture unique, but each has its own unique science and mathematics—a claim that is often implicit in others, but rarely argued explicitly. There is some similarity here with Danilevsky, who argues for a few familiar “cultural-historical types” rather than Spengler’s unfinished and unaging Mankind, which does not seem to be limited by the number of Danilevsky’s cultural-historical types. Danilevsky also allows that different cultures can have different sciences, but he did not insist that all must have distinct sciences, all but incommensurable with the sciences of other societies.
For Spengler, philosophy, like science, is the expression of a culture:

“There is no such thing as Philosophy ‘in itself,’ Every Culture has its own philosophy, which is a part of its total symbolic expression and forms with its posing of problems and methods of thought an intellectual ornamentation that is closely related to that of architecture and the arts of form. From the high and distant standpoint it matters very little what ‘truths’ thinkers have managed to formulate in words within their respective schools, for, here as in every great art, it is the schools, conventions and repertory of forms that are the basic elements. Infinitely more important than the answers are the questions the choice of them, the inner form of them. For it is the particular way in which a macrocosm presents itself to the understanding man of a particular Culture that determines a priori the whole necessity of asking them, and the way in which they are asked.”

And so with every aspect of human life and experience. One might ask how Spengler can formulate a theory that applies to a multiplicity of cultures when every culture is unique, philosophically and scientifically distinct from every other culture. This is a problem for all relativisms, and it is a problem for Spengler if we try to translate Spengler into a schematic doctrine of civilization. But that’s not how Spengler worked, and not how Spengler thought. We have to take Spengler at his own terms, as though his is one of those culturally-bound philosophies that is an intellectual ornamentation that is closely related to architecture and the arts of form. Spengler gives us an architectonic of civilization, and it is a vision particular to Spengler, if not peculiar to Spengler.
Many writers have had many things to say about Spengler, which is one reason I have emphasized the need to avoid labels. Many say his history is cyclical, while some say it is linear; some say Spengler’s method is nomothetic, others that it is idiographic; some say his book is unscientific, and others say that it is wrong because it tries to be scientific. The Decline of the West is like the Quito doubloon nailed to the mast of the Pequod in Moby Dick. Melville has Captain Ahab pause and reflect on the coin:

“…this round gold is but the image of the rounder globe, which, like a magician’s glass, to each and every man in turn but mirrors back his own mysterious self.”

Spengler’s The Decline of the West mirrors back to every man his own mysterious self. The book itself is mysterious. It not only avoids summary and schematism, it resists any attempt at summary and schematism. In this way, Spengler’s book is true to the cultures and civilizations he studied and believed to be unique, incommensurable, and irreducible to any other. In this respect it also resembles ibn Khaldun’s The Maqqadimmah, which is difficult to extricate from its historical, social, and cultural context, being a unique record of its time while at the same time a timeless work of scholarship.

Video Presentation

https://youtu.be/Cj6MQ-MSgZU
https://www.instagram.com/p/C7kln4ENH2k/
https://odysee.com/@Geopolicraticus:7/oswald-spengler-and-the:2

Podcast Edition

https://spotifyanchor-web.app.link/e/Z255Lfhq0Jb
https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/a31b8276-53cd-4723-b6ad-a39c8faa4572/episodes/7e47914f-674d-423b-8bf5-d0d2797cb037/today-in-philosophy-of-history-oswald-spengler-and-the-incommensurability-of-civilizations
https://www.iheart.com/podcast/269-today-in-philosophy-of-his-146507578/episode/oswald-spengler-and-the-incommensurability-of-180930078/
​

"When someone shows you who they are, believe them the first time." - Maya Angelou

There is a very good chance that Trump will win the 2024 election, and all available information suggests his second term will be radically different from his first. This has honestly been discussed so extensively that I don't think it really needs to be proven at this point. Anyone here that isn't deliberately turning a blind eye probably gets the skeleton of Trump's plan-- win the 2024 election, purge the massive federal bureaucracy, and then use that apparatus to smash his enemies.
It's looking like Senator J. D. Vance, the MAGA rock star of our hour, will have a pretty big say in the next Trump Administration. Vance is a lot of things. A self-described right-wing populist, he is something of a champion for a new nucleus of the far right in Congress, one that rejects the outdated, Reaganite principles of market individualism in favor of something stronger and harder.
It's been awhile since we could genuinely say conservatism was about preserving institutions, but post-2021 there's been another, even deeper and more fundamental shift. Vance and the people that tend to ally with him are a transition from a conservatism aimed around passing conservative laws to advance the conservative agenda to conservatism that wants a regime change of some kind.
Let's call these two factions "establishment conservatives" and "revolutionary conservatives". Establishment conservatives are cowards like Marco Rubio and Lindsey Graham. Aside from their naked self-interest, they are chomping at the bit to pass laws that would restrict abortion rights and slash welfare programs. Revolutionary conservatives like Vance may be and often are nakedly self-interested cowards, but they see the normal processes and institutions as too corrupt for easy reform. Building off of this, they look to Trump to shatter the old system so they can build something new on top of it.
The other day, Vance gave us a remarkably revealing look into what this new world is going to look like. But first, we need to talk about a guy who died over a hundred years ago.
The Liberal Dream
That man is President Thomas Woodrow Wilson. Wilson was the first liberal Democrat in the way we might understand the label to become President. He won the 1912 election in a landslide. With liberal Democrat majorities in both chambers of Congress, Wilson changed everything about America.
He passed labor regulations that rewrote the way we think about employment today. Ever made some fast cash on overtime? Thank Wilson and the liberal Democrats. Wilson and the Democrats slashed tariffs and passed income taxes, which moved the burden of funding the government from regressive (under protective tariffs, all consumers foot the bill equally) to progressive (under the income tax, the wealthy pay more) means.
The liberal Democrats created the Federal Trade Commission, which exists to this day and plays an indispensable role in enforcing consumer protections everywhere in America. The liberal Democrats also created the Federal Reserve, America's central banking system, which is also so important to how we live our daily lives it's hard for me to wrap my head around it.
All of this stuff made America a better, freer place. But the adjective "Wilsonian" isn't attached to central banking, income taxes, or consumer protections. It's attached to the 29th President's idealism in foreign affairs. In 1917, the U.S. entered World War one against the German Empire and its allies. The war ended in the next year. Wilson promoted something revolutionary, something downright utopian:

[We demand] that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression. All the peoples of the world are in effect partners in this interest, and for our own part we see very clearly that unless justice be done to others it will not be done to us.

This is the guiding principle behind so-called Wilsonian idealism-- every nation deserves, basically, the right to elect its own government and freedom from belligerence by outside powers. Free nations have an obligation to make that justice a reality. As such, Wilson rejected colonialism and called for a new international body that could make the world safe for democracy. His League of Nations, built off of these principles, failed, but the idea lived on.
This, basically, is the world we've lived in since the defeat of Nazi Germany. America foreign policy is broadly structured around warding off aggressive empires like Soviet Russia and its successor state, the Russian Federation. American domestic policy, too, has not strayed far from the idea that government's goal is to promote freedom and equality. Keep all this in mind for the next part.
The Trumpian Nightmare
Vance, with the Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft, outlined what might very charitably be described as reconstructionist realism. Reconstructionist, because Vance embraces his interpretation of the Bible as how America should find its place in the world, and realist, because he throws to the dogs all the protecting human rights nonsense.
That's the main reason why Vance has made such a show of opposing the Biden Administration's support for Ukraine in its fight against the Russian invasion. In his own words, it's in America's best interest to "accept Ukraine is going to have to cede some territory to the Russians." Vance has also labeled himself America First, which basically implies that he rejects the old Wilsonian idea of making the world safe for democracy.
Vance and that nucleus of "revolutionary conservatives" have long resented the way that previous Republican party leaders-- Bush, Reagan, and Nixon, for instance-- tacitly adopted liberal internationalism by affirming the U.S.'s role as the leader of the free world. That nucleus wants to return to a different time, where the U.S.'s conception of itself was based more around straightforward self-advancement than idealism. Theodore Roosevelt had harshly criticized Wilson during his tenure for promoting that idealism over empire-building. As Senator Josh Hawley, a vastly inferior man to Roosevelt, said:

I think what you saw is after the Cold War, you had a whole generation of American policy makers who said the Wilsonian moment has now arrived. Borders don’t matter. American uniqueness doesn’t matter.

Hawley and Vance are Trump's favorite Senators. They seem to think they have a good shot at being the power behind the next Administration's throne, and by all accounts they do. When Trump purges the federal bureaucracy, he will need an army of loyal minions ready to carry out illegal orders. He will need fanatics and grifters, men like Hawley and Vance that are ready to put their hatred for the liberal world order above the Constitution.
Trump typically turns on people, so they're stupid for getting in bed with him, but nobody has told them this yet.
Conclusion
Trump's victory would take us back over a century. It would be a devastating blow to liberalism as we understand it. If Trump wins, you can expect the U.S. to turn away from protecting democracy and openly embrace the kind of stuff Vance wants-- we will be a sheltered, regional colonial kingdom, ruled by a brutal police apparatus at the command of one very small man's whims. When we go abroad, it won't be to keep aggressive empires like Russia and China from overrunning their neighbors, it will be to advance the Christian Jihad that the religious right has been salivating over for decades now.
When Vance and Hawley talk about the "multilateral" new world order, believe them, and understand its repercussions. It is a voluntary and suicidal return to the Hobbesian state of nature, where might makes right.
We haven't had a candidate like Trump in the modern era because he is a fundamentally un-modern one. He is a radical, and if he wins he's going to bring radical change.

--- 1848: Wisconsin was admitted as the 30th state.
--- 1917: Future president John F. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts.
--- "JFK Assassination". That is the title of the two-part episode of my podcast: History Analyzed. If you have an open and reasonable mind, I can convince you there was NO conspiracy. Lee Harvey Oswald killed President Kennedy and acted alone. Part 1 (41 minutes) covers the events of November 22-24, 1963, from Oswald shooting from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository to Jack Ruby’s assassination of Oswald, and starts to systematically discredit the main conspiracy theories with direct evidence. Part 2 (47 minutes) dismantles the remaining conspiracy theories and demonstrates why the Warren Commission was correct in its findings. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.
--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/7jv76tTd2RcLR8pH1oevrC
--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/jfk-assassination-part-1/id1632161929?i=1000568077449

--- 1453: The Ottomans captured Constantinople. This ended the Byzantine Empire (although the people of Constantinople considered themselves the Eastern Roman Empire).
--- 1953: Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay became the first people to reach the summit of Mt. Everest, the highest point on Earth.
--- 1848: Wisconsin was admitted as the 30th state.
--- 1917: Future president John F. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts.
--- "JFK Assassination". That is the title of the two-part episode of my podcast: History Analyzed. If you have an open and reasonable mind, I can convince you there was NO conspiracy. Lee Harvey Oswald killed President Kennedy and acted alone. Part 1 (41 minutes) covers the events of November 22-24, 1963, from Oswald shooting from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository to Jack Ruby’s assassination of Oswald, and starts to systematically discredit the main conspiracy theories with direct evidence. Part 2 (47 minutes) dismantles the remaining conspiracy theories and demonstrates why the Warren Commission was correct in its findings. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.
--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/7jv76tTd2RcLR8pH1oevrC
--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/jfk-assassination-part-1/id1632161929?i=1000568077449

--- 1453: The Ottomans captured Constantinople. This ended the Byzantine Empire (although the people of Constantinople considered themselves the Eastern Roman Empire).
--- 1953: Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay became the first people to reach the summit of Mt. Everest, the highest point on Earth.
--- 1848: Wisconsin was admitted as the 30th state.
--- 1917: Future president John F. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts.
--- "JFK Assassination". That is the title of the two-part episode of my podcast: History Analyzed. If you have an open and reasonable mind, I can convince you there was NO conspiracy. Lee Harvey Oswald killed President Kennedy and acted alone. Part 1 (41 minutes) covers the events of November 22-24, 1963, from Oswald shooting from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository to Jack Ruby’s assassination of Oswald, and starts to systematically discredit the main conspiracy theories with direct evidence. Part 2 (47 minutes) dismantles the remaining conspiracy theories and demonstrates why the Warren Commission was correct in its findings. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.
--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/7jv76tTd2RcLR8pH1oevrC
--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/jfk-assassination-part-1/id1632161929?i=1000568077449

--- 1453: The Ottomans captured Constantinople. This ended the Byzantine Empire (although the people of Constantinople considered themselves the Eastern Roman Empire).
--- 1953: Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay became the first people to reach the summit of Mt. Everest, the highest point on Earth.
--- 1848: Wisconsin was admitted as the 30th state.
--- 1917: Future president John F. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts.
--- "JFK Assassination". That is the title of the two-part episode of my podcast: History Analyzed. If you have an open and reasonable mind, I can convince you there was NO conspiracy. Lee Harvey Oswald killed President Kennedy and acted alone. Part 1 (41 minutes) covers the events of November 22-24, 1963, from Oswald shooting from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository to Jack Ruby’s assassination of Oswald, and starts to systematically discredit the main conspiracy theories with direct evidence. Part 2 (47 minutes) dismantles the remaining conspiracy theories and demonstrates why the Warren Commission was correct in its findings. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.
--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/7jv76tTd2RcLR8pH1oevrC
--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/jfk-assassination-part-1/id1632161929?i=1000568077449

--- 1453: The Ottomans captured Constantinople. This ended the Byzantine Empire (although the people of Constantinople considered themselves the Eastern Roman Empire).
--- 1953: Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay became the first people to reach the summit of Mt. Everest, the highest point on Earth.
--- 1848: Wisconsin was admitted as the 30th state.
--- 1917: Future president John F. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts.
--- "JFK Assassination". That is the title of the two-part episode of my podcast: History Analyzed. If you have an open and reasonable mind, I can convince you there was NO conspiracy. Lee Harvey Oswald killed President Kennedy and acted alone. Part 1 (41 minutes) covers the events of November 22-24, 1963, from Oswald shooting from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository to Jack Ruby’s assassination of Oswald, and starts to systematically discredit the main conspiracy theories with direct evidence. Part 2 (47 minutes) dismantles the remaining conspiracy theories and demonstrates why the Warren Commission was correct in its findings. You can find History Analyzed on every podcast app.
--- link to Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/7jv76tTd2RcLR8pH1oevrC
--- link to Apple podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/jfk-assassination-part-1/id1632161929?i=1000568077449

Discount is $1 off per every $10. .
Payments via Venmo, Cashapp or Paypal family and friends. All HD except for some 4K at the top, and one SD at the bottom. . . 4K (MA unless noted) $4.25 unless noted Captain Marvel Clear and Present Danger (iTunes /Vudu) Cool Hand Luke Ghost in the Shell (anime, iTunes /Vudu) Holiday Inn (1942) Jack Ryan Shadow Recruit (iTunes /Vudu) Jurassic World $4 Shazam Fury of the Gods $5 The Sum of All Fears (iTunes /Vudu) The Hitman's Bodyguard (Google/iTunes /Vudu) To Kill a Mockingbird To Sir, With Love (1967) . . MA (HD) $2.50 unless noted 1917 21 Jump Street 47 Ronin A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood $3 Alien Alien Covenant The Amazing Spider-Man The Amazing Spider-Man 2 American Hustle Atomic Blonde Avengers Endgame $3 Bad Words $3 Battleship Bohemian Rhapsody The Bourne Identity $3 Deadpool Dr. Seuss' The Lorax Dracula Untold Enough Said $4 Epic (Blue Sky, animated) Evil Dead Rise $3 Fifty Shades Freed $2 Fifty Shades of Grey (unrated) $2 Furious 7 extended Fury $3 Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 2 Hail, Caesar! Independence Day Resurgence $3 Jumanji Welcome to the Jungle Jungle Cruise $3.50 Jurassic Park Jurassic World Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom Justice League X RWBY Super Heroes & Huntsmen part 2 $3 Kingsman The Secret Service Life of Pi Logan $3 The Longest Ride $2.50 Looper Lucy Mr. Peabody & Sherman Mulan (live action) Nightmare Before Christmas $3
Parental Guidance Prometheus Riddick (director's cut) $3.50 Ride Along 2 Secret in Their Eyes Spider-Man No Way Home $4 Spider-Man Homecoming $3 Star Wars The Force Awakens $2 Ted (unrated) The Purge Election Year Thor Love and Thunder $3.50
Thor Ragnarok $3 Trolls Venom $3 X-Men Apocalypse . . iTunes /Vudu (HD) $2.50 unless noted A Quiet Place Chicago $3 Fences G.I. Joe Retaliation Jack Ryan Shadow Recruit Pet Sematary (1989) $3.50 Star Trek Beyond Star Trek Beyond (might be 4K) $3 . . Vudu only (HD) $2.50 unless noted All is Lost $4 Begin Again $3 Escape From Planet Earth (animated) Little House on the Prairie season 2 $4 Tucker The Man and his Dream $3.50 Valerian . . Vudu/Google (HD) $2.50 unless noted The Hateful Eight $3 Men (A24) $3.50 Siberia Skyfall $2.50 Wild Card . . iTunes/Vudu/Google (HD) $2.50 unless noted The Cabin in the Woods Hell or High Water $3 The Hunger Games (all four movies) $9 The Hunger Games Mockingay part 1 $3 The Hunger Games Mockingay part 2 $3.50 Mechanic Resurrection $3 Now You See Me The Shack Twilight Breaking Dawn 2 $2 What to Expect When You're Expecting . . iTunes only (HD) $2.50 unless noted Captain America The First Avenger Cowboys & Aliens No Time to Die $3.50 Wall Street Money Never Sleeps . . Movie Spree Ultraman Ultra Q Complete Series $5 Ultraman Neo Ultra Q Complete Series $5 Night of the Living Dead $4 . . SD titles
Fast Five $1

My grandmother's extended family were German Lutherans from the former Danzig, today's Gdańsk. They were named Sindowski. They lived there in the Prussian era prior to WWI and during the years between the wars when it was called the Free City of Danzig.
I have some information on them from Lutheran church records, but I am looking for other sources that might help confirm their years of residence, street address, or occupation. This is complicated by the fact that in 1945 the city and all of its civil records became part of Poland.
My grandmother was Annemarie Grete Sindowski, born 1911 and baptized at the Lutheran Church at Bukowitz, Kreis Schwetz. She had a sister Ilse Elizabeth Charlotte Sindowski, born 1913, later married c. 1930 to Bruno Niklas, who was born 1906 in Danzig.
Her father was Georg Karl Sindowski, his baptism was 12 September 1885 at St. Barbara in Danzig. He died 11 May 1917 in the first world war and is buried in Lens, France. He had an older brother Friedrich Wilhelm Sindowski baptized 9 August 1881 at St. Barbara. His wife was Ida Karoline Franziska Beduhn born 1885 in Kreis Flatow.
I am grateful for any help or advice.

Closed on my wonderful new (to me) home, but it needs work. Kitchen, bath, a little HVAC & electrical, a small flat roof that needs help. Got one bid, but it is really high & not at all specific. I am used to "will install GFI at the following locations for $x each, total parts & labor $xx" and this bid is generalities. Is this just how things roll these days? Or can someone recommend a contractor who can bid & accomplish this fix-up before snow flies?
(House is from 1917, in excellent condition overall, about a mile from the football stadium, or what used to be the football stadium)

Good morning everyone, had to repost this because of a typo / mind slip, so happy Tuesday, and welcome to another selection for our sub's (semi) weekly listening club. Each week, we'll listen to a piece recommended by the community, discuss it, learn about it, and hopefully introduce us to music we wouldn't hear otherwise :)
Last time, we listened to Strauss’ Death and Transfiguration. You can go back to listen, read up, and discuss the work if you want to.
Our next Piece of the Week is Sergei Rachmaninoff’s Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini (1937)
…
Score from IMSLP
…
some listening notes from Harlow Robinson

Sergei Rachmaninoff was far from the first composer (others include Chopin, Brahms, and Liszt) to find vicarious creative excitement in the explosive personality of superstar violin virtuoso Nicolò Paganini. One of the most vivid, highly publicized, and widely imitated musician-composers of the 19th century, Paganini (1782-1840) dazzled audiences with his superhuman technique and gaudy showmanship, and scandalized them with his voracious appetite for women and gambling. Observers astonished by the unprecedented scale of his talent repeatedly accused Paganini of having supernatural powers gained through a Faustian pact with the devil. Even the German poet Goethe, who knew a thing or two about Faust, found himself at a loss for words when confronted with Paganini: “I lack a base for this column of sunbeams and clouds. I heard something simply meteoric and was unable to understand it.”
Although Paganini’s music is not considered by most critics to possess much substance or gravitas, having been created primarily to showcase his circus-like acrobatics on the strings, its exuberance and charm cannot be denied. Nowhere are these qualities more attractively displayed than in the Twenty-four Caprices for Solo Violin (Ventiquattro Capricci per violino solo), Opus 1. Begun when Paganini was still a teenager, these pieces, each one ornamented with astonishing technical tricks like filigree on a shiny jeweled surface, contain what one writer has described as “a whole school of violin playing.” Brahms called them “a great contribution to musical composition in general and to violin in particular,” and was particularly drawn to the last in the series, No. 24 in A minor, itself a set of eleven variations on a beguiling simple tune. So taken was Brahms with Paganini’s theme that in 1865 he completed a major work for piano based on it: “Studies for Pianoforte: Variations on a Theme by Paganini, Books 1 and 2.” Franz Liszt, himself a renowned virtuoso and admirer of Paganini’s theatricality, also made an arrangement of Paganini’s Caprice No. 24 in his Six Grandes Études de Paganini for solo piano. Rachmaninoff, then, was treading upon well-worn soil when he decided in spring 1934 to produce his own work for piano and orchestra using this same little flexible and malleable tune. Nor was Rachmaninoff the last to draw water from this well. In more recent years, composers as diverse as Lutosławski, John Dankworth, and Andrew Lloyd Webber have created pieces inspired by Paganini’s Caprice No. 24.
In his biography of Rachmaninoff, Barrie Martyn has explained why this theme makes such good material for variations. “It enshrines that most basic of musical ideas, the perfect cadence, literally in its first half and in a harmonic progression in the second, which itself expresses a musical aphorism; and the melodic line is made distinctive by a repetition of a simple but immediately memorable four-note semi-quaver [sixteenth-note] figure.” The circular theme (in 2/4) divides into two equal parts, the second being an elaboration of the first, and returns firmly and effortlessly to the tonic key of A minor. Perhaps even more important for a theme used for variations, it is immediately recognizable and distinct, even hummable, so that it retains its lightly muscled contours even through drastic transformations. In his variations for solo piano, Brahms had used the theme much as Paganini did, as a springboard for demanding technical exercises without a clearly defined overall structure. What Rachmaninoff did in his Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini is quite different, going far beyond the theme to create a large-scale concerto-style work for piano and orchestra with a clear and independent sense of formal design and sonority.
As numerous commentators have suggested, the Rhapsody is less about the theme of Paganini’s Caprice No. 24 than about the myth of Paganini, the quintessential Romantic virtuoso. As a renowned virtuoso himself (this aspect of his career had become especially pronounced in the United States, often to his irritation), Rachmaninoff was clearly drawn to the image of Paganini, particularly the persistent rumors of his demonic character and connections. This explains why, in the Rhapsody, Rachmaninoff chose to juxtapose Paganini’s theme with prominent quotations from the familiar Dies irae theme of the Catholic Requiem Mass. This theme (also used in the Symphonie fantastique of Berlioz, among numerous other works) had traditionally been associated with death and supernatural forces, and also shows up in several other of Rachmaninoff’s later scores (the Piano Concerto No. 4 and Symphonic Dances).
That Rachmaninoff found a strong emotional connection with Paganini seems to be confirmed by the (in his case) highly unusual speed with which he completed the Rhapsody. It took him only seven weeks, from July 1 to mid-August of 1934. Not long before, he had moved with his family to a villa constructed for him near Lucerne, their first permanent home since leaving Russia soon after the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. Exile from Russia had already taken a strong emotional toll upon Rachmaninoff. After 1917, he would produce only four orchestral works: the Symphony No. 3, the Piano Concerto No. 4, the Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, and the Symphonic Dances. Most of his energy went to making extensive tours as a virtuoso: he played sixty-nine dates in the 1934-35 season alone. Rachmaninoff complained of this punishing schedule in a letter written a few weeks after he finished the Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini. “Shall I hold out? I begin to evaporate. It’s often more than I can bear just to play. In short—I’ve grown old.” At the time, Rachmaninoff was 61 years old, just four years older than Paganini was when he died, burnt out by the frenetic existence of a virtuoso.
By the time he composed the Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, Rachmaninoff had already completed four large concertos for piano and orchestra and was a master of the form. Evidently he was at first unsure what to call the new composition, considering such titles as “Symphonic Variations” and “Fantasia” before settling on “Rhapsody.” The label of “Rhapsody”—which implies no particular form and has been used to describe very different kinds of works—belies the fact that the piece has a highly planned formal structure that corresponds rather closely to that of a traditional sonata or concerto. The twenty-four variations on Paganini’s theme are grouped into three sections. The first ten, in A minor, constitute an opening movement, with the introduction of the Dies irae theme in variation 7. (It reappears in variations 10, 22, and 24.) After the dreamy, transitional variation No. 11, variations 12 to 18 proceed like a slow movement, moving gradually from D minor to D-flat major for the climactic (and longest) variation, No. 18. Here the Paganini theme appears in inverted form, first in a sublimely lyrical twelve-bar passage for the soloist, then joined by the strings—music destined to become some of the most famous Rachmaninoff ever created. Returning to A minor, the final six variations act like a finale, featuring several impressive cadenzas. The last of these thunders downward through a resurgence of the Dies irae theme before halting abruptly at an amusingly understated restatement of the jaunty tail end of Paganini’s theme.
In the Rhapsody, Rachmaninoff overcame the crisis of confidence he had experienced in composing the Concerto No. 4, which he revised several times without ever feeling entirely satisfied. Here, he joined his long-admired gift for soaring, soulful melody with a fresh structural ingenuity. By turns playful, melancholy, military, and dramatic, the twenty-four variations are brilliant not only individually, but as part of a unified artistic whole. Of the New York premiere of the Rhapsody by the New York Philharmonic under Bruno Walter with Rachmaninoff at the keyboard, Robert A. Simon wrote in The New Yorker: “The Rachmaninoff variations, written with all the composer’s skill, turned out to be the most successful novelty that the Philharmonic Symphony has had since Mr. Toscanini overwhelmed the subscribers with Ravel’s Bolero.”

Ways to Listen

• Vladimir Ashkenazy with André Previn and the London Symphony Orchestra; YouTube Score Video, Spotify
  
• Anna Fedorova with Gerard Oskamp and the Philharmonie Südwestfalen: YouTube
  
• Yuja Wang with Gustavo Gimeno and the Orchestre Philharmonique du Luxembourg: YouTube
  
• Yuja Wang with Gustavo Dudamel and the Los Angeles Philharmonic: Spotify
  
• Nikolai Lugansky with Alexander Vedernikov and the Russian National Orchestra: YouTube
  
• Daniil Trifonov with Yannick Nézet-Séguin and the Philadelphia Orchestra: Spotify
  
• Cecile Ousset with Sir Simon Rattle and the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra: Spotify
  

Discussion Prompts

• What are your favorite parts or moments in this work? What do you like about it, or what stood out to you?
  
• Do you have a favorite recording you would recommend for us? Please share a link in the comments!
  
• Have you ever performed this before? If so, when and where? What instrument do you play? And what insights do you have from learning it?
  

...
What should our club listen to next? Use the link below to find the submission form and let us know what piece of music we should feature in an upcoming week. Note: for variety's sake, please avoid choosing music by a composer who has already been featured, otherwise your choice will be given the lowest priority in the schedule
PotW Archive & Submission Link

Part 1
This is the second part of a series about how history has been either misunderstood or intentionally twisted to give the wrong impression of the facts behind certain events.
Since the founding of the nation, the United States has been involved in war for all but 17 years, despite only having declared war 5 times
The French and Indian War was primarily about the conflict between French traders and British colonists; the French claimed the Mississippi river basin, including the Ohio up to the forks (present-day Pittsburgh, PA), mostly to protect the indigenous tribes they traded with against British expansion, which of course resulted in the expulsion and mass murder of the Native Americans.
Most colonists were indifferent to the American Revolution; "fence-sitters," they were called by the quite radical "patriots," who mostly kept silent due to the violence directed towards "loyalists." The Stamp Act was unpopular, but the entire point was to pay for the French and Indian War... which had been started by the very colonists who were complaining about the tax.
The cause of the War of 1812 remains something of a mystery to this day; there were plenty of reasons, from impressment of American citizens into the British Navy to seizure of neutral shipping to conflict over the Tecumseh Confederacy, but the vote for war was on strictly partisan lines, but sheer opportunism, based on the theory that Britain was distracted by the Napoleonic Wars, is the more popular theory today. The reason for the war was that Madison thought he could win.
The Mexican-American War had even less justification. The Texas Revolution had established it as an independent nation, although Mexico had not recognized it, but annexation into the United States had been delayed by the necessity of maintaining a balance of power between free- and slave-states, which Texas would have upset. James K. Polk won the 1844 election largely on the basis of expanding the country, preserving the balance by adding more states... but that would require a war, so he intentionally made an offer that Mexico could not accept, sent a small body of troops into Mexico, Mexican forces attacked them, and Polk used this as justification for the war.
The Civil War was another contrivance; Abolitionists were not a factor before the war, the conflict was between slave-owners, who wanted to expand the practice in the West, and the Free Soil movement... which didn't want black people in the West, at all (and were actively chasing Indians and Mexicans out). The impetus for Southern secession was not any danger of slavery being abolished (Lincoln made it clear after he was elected that he had no such intentions), but that they would lose political power if it was not allowed to expand with the rest of the country. In addition, it remains a mystery as to exactly why Lincoln felt it necessary to go to war to stop the South from seceding, and no Constitutional justification has ever been presented.
The Spanish-American war is almost the inverse of the Civil War; the US was involved as early as the Ten Years War, on the side of the wealthy elite upset about the abolition of slavery in Cuba (not that there were no legitimate complaints, but those were largely ignored by all sides), which culminated in the Cuban War of Independence, again supported by the US, which they were losing until the USS Maine mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor, blamed on the Spanish (who had no reason to do so), and justified the declaration of war and subsequent seizure of Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.
Woodrow Wilson won the election of 1916 largely on the basis of his opposition to US participation in World War I; he was inaugurated on March 4, 1917, and on April 6, Congress declared war on Germany. Germany had been sinking US merchant ships supplying Britain and France, but then, Britain had been seizing US merchant ships trading with Germany; the only difference was that Britain had surface ships which could seize merchant vessels, while Germany had U-boats, which could only sink them. American banks had also heavily financed both Britain and France, and stood to lose money if they lost the war.
World War II is often held up as the definitive "Just War." Hitler and the Nazis have become the archetype for ultimate evil, and the Japanese Empire was, if anything, even worse; never mind that the Nazis based their policies on American treatment of Native Americans, or that Japanese actions in China were simply one in a several-thousand-year-long series of mass atrocities, or that evidence of their crimes (and, on the part of the Nazis, most of the actual crimes, themselves) were not known outside of the regions where they were occurring until late in the war. US Marines in China were engaging in military activity prior to American entry into the war, and US business interests were funding both sides, even as late as 1944.
The worst outcome of WW2 was Truman breaking the Yalta Agreement with Stalin; rather than allowing free and open elections in liberated territory, Truman followed George Kennan's advice to engage in a policy of "Containment" of Communism by undermining (e.g. assassinations and false flag attacks) their leaders and parties, which the USSR and China responded to by simply not allowing elections in regions they controlled, at all. In fairness to Truman, the other proposed policy was John Foster Dulles' "Rollback" strategy, of actively going to war with Communist regimes to eliminate them, which became the fundamental goal of the CIA and broader national security apparatus of the US. George Kennan later expressed regret for his policy suggestion, and became a fervent supporter of detente.
This led directly to the Korean War, now in its 74th year, after Truman refused to hold general elections in favor of a regional election in the area under US occupation, and only after Communist groups had been massacred and barred from participation. The result was an effective dictatorship of South Korea which continued until the 1970s, and a perpetual war against North Korea, which held their own (also restricted) election and resulted in Kim Il Sung becoming party chairman of the Worker's Party of Korea. Notably, both elected governments claim control of the entire peninsula, a situation which has yet to be resolved.
Viet Nam had a similar story, but that the French had not been able to hold on to the half of the country they tried to claim, so the US attempted to intervene. Johnson later admitted that there was no "Gulf of Tonkin Incident," that it was nothing but an excuse for a policy decision which had already been made, and which he opposed but felt that he would face opposition for his Great Society initiative if he balked. This created division within the Democratic Party, which Nixon exploited in 1968, going so far as to have one of his aides scuttle the Paris Peace talks by promising the North Viet-Namese a better deal under Nixon.
There are numerous incidents which have been left out of this accounting; dozens of interventions in South America, Africa, and islands in the Pacific and Caribbean which form the tapestry of the American Empire. We have supported brutal dictators, instigated coups against democratically-elected progressive governments, and created proxy wars across the globe. There is not enough time in a life to detail them all.
But this all took on a new tempo after September 11, 2001, the latest evidence suggesting that it was Saudi Arabia directly behind the attacks. Osama bin Laden, who was originally trained by the US in a proxy war against the USSR, had been responsible for attacking the US previously, but emphatically denied involvement in 9/11. Nevertheless, pursuing him was the basis for the invasion of Afghanistan, although the Taliban had offered to turn bin Laden over, and even attempted to surrender to prevent an invasion, but were refused. Invasion was the point.
Iraq had even less justification; after Saddam Hussein was set up for the invasion of Kuwait (George W. Bush told him to do it!), the imposition of sanctions demanded a US military presence in the region to enforce them, and even Madeleine Albright, Bill Clinton's secretary of state, admitted that their administration wanted to invade Iraq, they just didn't have an excuse. Not only was there no connection between Iraq and Al Qaeda, Hussein represented the (relatively) secular, progressive Sunni minority in Iraq, while Al Qaeda was a fundamentalist Shiite group who hated everything the Baath party stood for.
NATO expansion in Europe should be viewed as the victory of Dulles' "Rollback" strategy over both detente and containment. The Western goal in Eastern Europe has been the Balkanization of Russia ever since their revolution; the Promethean movement intended to create an "Intermarium" state between the Baltic and Black seas (including Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia), and supported fascist movements in those countries starting in the 1920s. The latest culmination of this ideology was the Maidan coup of Ukraine in 2014 (led by explicitly Nazi organizations including Right Sektor, Svoboda, and C14, a group named after David Lane's 14 Words: "We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children"), the incipient Civil War, and the current Russian intervention.
Unconditional US support of Israel has led to their perceived impunity for gross criminal activity; now facing arrest warrants for war crimes and crimes against humanity, the prime minister and minister of defense of Israel have repudiated the legal body charged with enforcing international law against the very acts that Israel was allegedly founded to prevent, to the extent of threatening the families of members of the International Criminal Court, a gross crime in-and-of-itself.
Taiwan is the last vestige of the Western-backed plutocracy which controlled China following the collapse of the Imperial government; having been directed by Western powers to focus their efforts more against their fellow countrymen for being Communist than the invading Japanese army, the Kuomintang lost virtually all popular support in the aftermath of World War 2, and yet neither Containment nor Rollback would allow a peaceful resolution of the conflict. Rollback was clearly not an option at the time, though, so they were directed to concentrate in Taiwan in order to bottle up Chinese territorial waters, a goal which defines US policy to this day.

●**Movies Anywhere**●
•**(Bundles)**•
•**Alfred Hitchcock Classics Collection Volume 1 (4k) (4 Movie) (One Code)**
1: The Birds (4K)
2: Psycho (4K)
3: Rear Window (4K)
4: Vertigo (4K)
•**Best of the 2000's 10 Film Collection (4K/HD) (One Code)**
1: A.I.: Artificial Intelligence (HD) (10-Film)
2: Best in Show (HD) (10-Film)
3: The Departed (4K) (10-Film)
4: A History of Violence (HD) (10-Film)
5: The Hangover (4K) (10-Film)
6: I Am Legend (4K) (10-Film)
7: Letters From Iwo Jima (HD) (10-Film)
8: Mystic River (HD) (10-Film)
9: Ocean's Eleven (HD) (10-Film)
10: Pan's Labyrinth (4K) (10-Film)
•**Halloween Trilogy (4k) (One Code)**
1: Halloween (2018) (4K)
3: Halloween Ends (4K)
2: Halloween Kills (4K)
•**High On Your Watch List 8-Film Collection (HD) (MA) (One Code)**
1: Due Date (HD) (8-Film)
2: Friday (HD) (8-Film)
3: Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle (HD) (MA) (8-Film)
4: House Party (HD) (MA) (8-Film)
5: Inherent Vice (HD) (MA) (8-Film)
6: Project X (HD) (MA) (8-Film)
7: Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny (HD) (MA) (8-Film)
8: We're the Millers (HD) (MA) (8-Film)
•**Men in Black Trilogy (4k) (One Code)**
1: Men in Black (4K)
2: Men in Black 2 (4K)
3: Men In Black 3 (4K)
•**Meryl Streep 8-film Collection (4K/HD) (MA) (One Code)**
1: Death Becomes Her (HD) (8-Film)
2: It's Complicated (HD) (8-Film)
3: Mama Mia!: The Movie (4K) (8-Film)
4: Mama Mia!: Here We Go Again (4K) (8-Film)
5: One True thing (HD) (8-Film)
6: Out of Africa (HD) (8-Film)
7: Prime (HD) (8-Film)
8: The River Wild (HD) (8-Film)
•**(4K)**•
1917 (4K)
2 Guns (4K)
Abominable (4K)
**The Abyss (4K)**
Aliens (4K)
Ambulance (4K)
American Gangster (Extended Edition) (4k)
Annie (4K)
Ant-Man and the Wasp Quantumania (4K)
As Good As It Gets (4K)
**Avatar: The Way of Water (4k)**
**Avatar: The Way of Water (Collector's Edition) (4k)**
Avengers (4K)
Backdraft (4k)
Battleship (4K)
The Batman (4k)
Big Hero 6 (4K) (MA Split)
The Big Lebowski (4K)
Black Hawk Down (Theatrical & Extended) (4K)
Black Panther Wakanda Forever (4k) (MA Split)
Black Widow (4k) (MA Split)
**Bloodshot (4K)**
**The Blues Brothers (4K) (Theatrical & Unrated)**
Bullet Train (4k)
Cinderella (4K) (MA Split)
A Christmas Story (4k)
Cliffhanger (4k)
Concussion (4K)
Cruella (4K)
The Dark Crystal (4k)
District 9 (4K)
Do the Right Thing (4K)
**Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (4K)**
Doom (4K)
Dr. Strangelove (4k)
Encanto (4K)
Enter the Dragon (4k)
Eternals (4K)
Evil Dead Rise (4k)
The Exorcist (4k) (Theatrical & Extended)
**The Exorcist: Believer (4K)**
**The Fabelmans (4k)**
The Fast and the Furious (4k)
**Fast X (4k)**
Field of Dreams (4k)
The Forever Purge (4K)
Free Guy (4k)
From Here to Eternity (4k)
Fury (4k)
Get Out (4K)
**Ghostbusters Afterlife (4K)**
Glass (4K)
Godzilla (1998) (4K)
**Gran Turismo (4K)**
**Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (4K)**
**Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (4K)**
The Guns of Navarone (4k)
Heat (4k)
Heavy Metal (4K)
Hellboy (2004) (4k)
Hellboy 2: The Golden Army (4K)
**His Girl Friday (4K)**
Hobbs and Shaw (4k)
Hocus Pocus 4k (MA Split)
Invisible Man (4k)
It Happened One Night 4k
Jaws (4k)
Jaws 2 (4k)
Jumanji (1995) (4k)
Jurassic World Dominion (4K)
Jurrasic World Fallen Kingdom (4K)
Kick Ass 2 (4k)
King Kong (2005) (Theatrical) (4k)
**Kramer Vs Kramer (4K)**
Last Actio Hero (4K)
The Last Picture Show (4K)
Lawrence of Arabia (4k)
The Lion King (Animated) (4K)
The Lion King (Live Action) (4k)
**The Little Mermaid (2023) (4k)**
The Lost Boys (4k)
The Martian (Extended Edition) (4k)
**Meg 2: The Trench (4K)**
Moon (4K)
Morbius (4K)
Mulan (2020) (4K)
National Lampoon's Animal House (4k)
National Lampoon's Vacation (4k)
Oblivion (4k)
Oliver (4k)
Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (4k)
Onward (4K) (MA Split)
**Oppenheimer (4k)**
Parasite (4k)
**Paprika (4K)**
Poltergeist (4k)
Predator (4k)
The Prestige (4k) (MA Split)
The Prince of Egypt (4k)
**Punch Drunk Love (4K)**
**The Raid Redemption (4K)**
Rebel Without a Cause (4k)
**R.I.P.D. (4K)**
**Rudy (4k)**
Sense and Sensibility (4k)
Schindler's List (4k)
Shang Chi (4K)
To Sir With Love (4k)
**Sleepless in Seattle (4K)**
Smokey and the Bandit (4k)
Snow White (4K) (MA Split)
Soul (4k) (MA Split)
Spartacus (4k )
Speed (4K)
**Spider-Man Across the Spider-Verse 4k**
Spies in Disguise (4K) (MA) (Split)
**Super Mario Bros. (4k)**
**Starman (4K)**
**Tár (4k)**
Training Day (4k)
Unbreakable (4K) (MA Split)
Venom (4K)
**Violent Night (4K)**
West Side Story (4K) (MA Split)
Whiplash (4K)
Zero Dark Thirty (4K)
Zombieland (4k)
•**(HD)**•
Ant-Man & The Wasp (HD MA) (Split) (MA)
Avengers: Age of Ultron (HD) (MA Split)
Beauty and the Beast (HD MA) (MA) (Split)
Black Panther (HD MA) (Split) (MA)
Black Phone (HD) (MA)
**The Breakfast Club (HD)**
Brother Bear (HD) (MA)
Brother Bear 2 (HD) (MA)
Captain America: Civil War (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Captain America: The First Avenger (HD MA) (Split)
Captain America: Winter Soldier (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Despicable Me 2 (HD) (MA Split)
A Dog's Purpose (HD) (MA Split)
The Fast and the Furious 6 (Extended Edition) (HD) (MA Split)
The Gunman (HD) (MA Split)
Hercules (Disney) (HD) (MA Split)
Hocus Pocus (HD) (MA) (Split)
Home (2015) (HD) (MA)
How to Train Your Dragon 2 (HD) (MA Split)
The Huntsman: Winter's War (HD) (MA Split)
Jarhead 2 (Unrated) (HD) (MA Split)
Jurrasic Park HD MA (Split)
Jurrasic Park: The Lost World HD MA (Split)
Jurrasic Park 3 HD MA Split)
Jurrasic Park 3 HD MA
Jurrasic World HD MA (Split)
Les Misérables (HD) (MA Split)
Megan Leavey (HD) (MA Split)
The Menu (HD) (MA)
My All American (HD) (MA Split)
The Nightmare Before Christmas (HD MA) (Split)
The Nut Job (HD) (MA Split)
Oz the Great and Powerful (HD) (MA Split)
**Peter Pan (HD)**
Pitch Perfect (HD)
Pitch Perfect 2 (HD)
Point Break (HD)
**Rio (HD)**
Rise of the Guardians (HD) (MA Split)
Sleeping Beauty (HD MA) (MA) (Split)
Snow White (HD MA) (MA) (Split)
Snow White & the Huntsman HD (MA Split)
Straight Outta Compton (Theatrical) HD (MA Split)
Straight Outta Compton (Unrated) HD (MA Split)
Sword in the Stone 60th Anniversary Edition HD (MA Split)
Thor Love & Thunder HD (MA Split)
Upgrade (HD)
When the Game Stands Tall HD
Willow (HD) (MA Split)
●**Google Play Disney Splits**●
•**(HD)**•
**101 Dalmatians 2 (HD GP)**
Ant-Man & The Wasp (HD GP)
**Atlantis: Milo's Return (HD GP)**
**Atlantis: The Lost Empire (HD GP)**
**Avatar: The Way of Water (HD GP)**
Avengers: Age of Ultron (HD GP)
Avengers: Endgame (HD GP)
**Bambi (HD GP)**
**Banshees of Inisherin (HD GP)**
Beauty & the Beast (HD GP)
**Bedknobs and Broomsticks (HD GP)**
Big Hero 6 (HD GP)
Black Panther (HD GP)
Black Panther Wakanda Forever (HD GP)
Black Widow (HD GP)
Brave (HD GP)
**Bridge of spies (HD GP)**
Captain Marvel (HD GP)
Captain America: Civil War (HD GP)
Captain America: Winter Soldier (HD GP)
Captain America: The First Avenger (HD GP)
Cinderella (Animated) (HD GP)
Coco (HD GP)
Disneynature Monkey Kingdom (HD GP)
Doctor Strange (HD GP)
Doctor Strange: Multiverse of Madness (HD GP)
**Dumbo (Animated) (HD GP)**
**The Emperor's New Groove (HD GP)**
Finding Dory (HD GP)
Finding Nemo (HD GP)
**The Fox and the Hound (HD GP)**
The French Dispatch (HD GP)
Frozen (Sing-Along Edition) (HD GP)
Hocus Pocus (HD GP)
**The Hunchback of Notre Dame (HD GP)**
**The Hunchback of Notre Dame 2 (HD GP)**
Iron Man 3 (HD GP)
**The Jungle Book (Animated) (HD GP)**
**The Jungle Book 2 (HD GP)**
Kings Man (HD GP)
**Kronk's New Groove (HD GP)**
The Last Duel (HD GP)
Lightyear (HD GP)
The Lion King (Animated) (HD GP)
The Lion King (Live Action) (HD GP)
**The Little Mermaid 3 (HD GP)**
Luca (HD GP)
Maleficent (HD GP)
Maleficent: Mistress of Evil (HD GP)
**McFarland U.S.A (HD GP)**
**Mickey's Christmas Carol (HD GP)**
Million Dollar Arm (HD GP)
Moana (HD GP)
Monsters Inc (HD GP)
Mulan (2020) (HD GP)
Muppets Most Wanted (HD GP)
Nightmare Alley (HD GP)
The Nightmare Before Christmas (HD GP)
Onward (HD GP)
**Oz the Great and Powerful (HD GP)**
**Peter Pan HD (GP)**
**Pete's Dragon (Live Action) (HD GP)**
Pixar Short Films Volume 3 (HD GP)
**Pocahontas (HD GP)**
The Prestige (HD GP)
**Ratatouille (HD GP)**
Raya and the Last Dragon (HD GP)
Robin Hood (HD GP)
Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (HD GP)
The Santa Clause (HD GP)
Sleeping Beauty (HD GP)
Snow White (HD GP)
Soul (HD GP)
Spies in Disguise (HD GP)
Star Wars: A New Hope (HD GP)
Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back (HD GP)
Star Wars: The Last Jedi (HD GP)
Star Wars: The Phantom Menace (HD GP)
Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (HD GP)
Sword in the Stone 60th Anniversary Edition (HD GP)
Thor Love & Thunder (HD GP)
Thor Ragnarok (HD GP)
**Tomorrowland (HD GP)**
Unbreakable (HD GP)
West Side Story (HD GP)
A Wrinkle In Time (HD GP)
Zootopia (HD GP)
●**iTunes**●
•**(4K)**•
Allied (4k) (iTunes Split)
Annihilation (4K) (iTunes Split)
Avengers: Endgame (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Captain Marvel (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Daddy's Home (4K) (iTunes Split)
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (4k iTunes) (MA)
Despicable Me 2 (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Despicable Me 3 (4K iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Doctor Strange (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Everest (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
The Fast & the Furious 6 (Extended Edition) (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Finding Dory (4k iTunes) (split) (MA)
Forest Gump (4K) (iTunes Split)
Gemini Man (4K) (iTunes Split)
Ghost in the Shell (Live Action) (4k iTunes Split)
Heat (4k iTunes) (MA)
How to Train Your Dragon 2 (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Iron Man 3 (4K iTunes Split) (MA)
Joy (4k iTunes) (MA)
Jurrasic Park (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Jurrasic Park: The Lost World (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Jurrasic World (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
The Kingsman Secret Service (4k iTunes) (MA)
La La Land (4k) (iTunes) (Split)
Les Misérables (4K iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Lone Survivor (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Maleficent (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Maleficent: Mistress of Evil (4K iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Moana (4K iTunes) (Split) (MA)
No Time To Die (4k)
Rocketman (4K) (iTunes Split)
Sicario (4K) (iTunes) (Split)
Sleeping Beauty (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Thor Ragnarok (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
War for the Planet of the Apes (4K iTunes) (MA)
Warcraft (4k iTunes) (Split) (MA)
Why Him (4k iTunes) (MA)
•**(HD)**•
All Eyes On Me (HD) (iTunes Split)
An Inconvenient Sequal: Truth to Power (HD) (iTunes Split)
The Big Short (HD iTunes) (Split)
Cheech and Chong: Up in Smoke (HD) (iTunes Split)
Den of Thieves (HD) (iTunes Split)
Good Kill (HD) (iTunes Split)
The Guilt Trip (HD) (iTunes Split)
I, Frankenstein (HD) (iTunes Split)
Megan Leavey (HD) (iTunes Split) (MA)
Nebraska (HD) (iTunes Split)
The Nut Job (HD) (iTunes Split) (MA)
Rise of the Guardians (HD) (iTunes Split) (MA)
Top Five (HD) (Itunes Split)
●**Vudu**●
•**(4K)**•
Annihilation (4K) (Vudu Split)
Apocalypse Now (Triple Feature) (4k) (Vudu)
Creed 3 (4k) (Vudu Only)
Daddy's Home (4K) (Vudu Split)
**Early Man (4k) (Vudu)**
Ender's Game (4k) (Vudu)
**Everything Everywhere All at Once (4K)** (Vudu)
Forest Gump (4K) (Vudu Split)
Gemini Man (4K) (Vudu Split)
Ghost in the Shell (2017) (4K) (Vudu Split)
Highlander (4k) (Vudu)
La La Land (4k) (Vudu Split)
The Man Who Fell to Earth 4K (Vudu)
The Mist 4k (Vudu)
Ran 4k (Vudu)
Rocketman (4K) (Vudu Split)
**The Secret Garden 4K (Vudu)**
Sicario 4K (Vudu Split)
Source Code 4k (Vudu)
**Ugly Dolls 4k** (Vudu)
•**(HD)**•
The Big Short (HD) (Vudu Split)
●**Lionsgate**●
•**(4K)**•
Apocalypse Now (Triple Feature) 4k (Vudu)
Belly 4k (Vudu)
The Cabin in the Woods 4k (Vudu, iTunes, Google Play)
**Early Man 4k (Vudu)**
Ender's Game 4k (Vudu)
**Everything Everywhere All at Once (4K)** (Vudu)
Expendables (4K) (Vudu, iTunes, Google Play)
Expendables 2 (4K) (Vudu, iTunes, Google Play)
Fall 4k (Vudu, iTunes)
Hacksaw Ridge 4K (Vudu, iTunes, Google Play)
Highlander 4k (Vudu)
The Hitman's Bodygaurd 4k (Vudu, iTunes, Google Play)
The Hitman's Wife's Bodygaurd 4k (Vudu, iTunes, Google Play)
Jigsaw 4k (Vudu, iTunes, Google Play)
**John Wick Chapter 4 4k** (Vudu, iTunes)
La La Land 4k (Vudu, iTunes) (Split)
The Man Who Fell to Earth 4K (Vudu)
The Mist 4k (Vudu)
**Plane 4k** (Vudu, iTunes)
Ran 4k (Vudu)
Requiem for a Dream (4K) ( Vudu, iTunes)
Reservoir Dogs (4K) (Vudu, iTunes)
**The Secret Garden 4K (Vudu)**
**Sisu 4K** (Vudu, iTunes)
Source Code 4k (Vudu)
Total Recall 4k (1990) (Vudu, iTunes)
**Ugly Dolls 4k** (Vudu)
•**(HD)**•
Blue Steel (HD) (Vudu)
Dementia 13 (Director's Cut) (HD Vudu or Google Play) (4k iTunes)
Dream a Little Dream HD (Vudu or Google Play)
Extreme Prejudice HD (Vudu or Google Play)
I Still Believe (HD Vudu) or (4k iTunes)
Little Monsters (HD) (Vudu, Google Play)
My Best Friend is a Vampire HD (Vudu)
Shivers (HD) (Vudu, Google Play)
The Wickerman HD (From 4k but redeems HD for now) (Vudu)
●**Paramount**●
•**(4K)**•
Annihilation (4k) (Vudu, iTunes) (Split)
**Babylon (4k)** (Vudu, iTunes)
Braveheart (4k) (Vudu, iTunes)
Coming to America (4k) (Vudu, iTunes, Google Play)
Crawl (4K) (Vudu, iTunes)
Days of Thunder (4k) (Vudu, iTunes)
Dragonslayer (4k) (Vudu, iTunes)
The Firm (4k) (Vudu)
Flashdance (4K) (Vudu)
Forest Gump (4k) (Vudu, iTunes) (Split)
Gladiator (4k) (Vudu, iTunes)
The Godfather Coda (4K) (Vudu, iTunes)
Interstellar (4K) (Vudu or iTunes)
Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (4k) (Vudu, iTunes)
Love & Monsters (4k) (Vudu, iTunes)
The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (4K) (Vudu, iTunes)
Planes, Trains, & Automobiles (4k) (Vudu, iTunes)
A Quiet Place Part 2 (4K) (Vudu or ITunes)
Rosemary's Baby (4K) (Vudu, iTunes)
Scream (4k) (Vudu or iTunes)
Scream 2 (4k) (Vudu or iTunes)
Scream 3 (4k) (Vudu or iTunes)
Scream 5 (2022) (4k) ( Vudu or iTunes)
**Scream 6 (4k) (Vudu or iTunes)**
Sleepy Hollow (4k) (Vudu)
Sonic (4k) (Vudu or iTunes)
The Sum of All Fears (4k) (Vudu or iTunes)
Super 8 (4K) (Vudu or iTunes)
Sweeny Todd (4k) (Vudu)
Terms of Endearment (4K) (Vudu, iTunes)
**Titanic (4K)** (Vudu, iTunes)
Top Gun (4k) (Vudu or iTunes)
Top Gun Maverick (4k) (Vudu or iTunes)
The Truman Show (4K) (Vudu)
The Untouchables (4k) (Vudu, iTunes)
Vanilla Sky (4k) (Vudu, iTunes)
War of the Worlds (2005) (4k) (Vudu, iTunes)
The Wolf of Wall Street (4k) (Vudu, iTunes)
•**(HD)**•
Mean Girls (2004) (HD Vudu, 4k iTunes)
Wonder Park (HD Vudu, 4k iTunes)

1944, 6th June, D Day H Hour my great uncle Albert Kemper landed on Omaha Beach with the 26th Infantry Division.
1941 to 1980s My Paternal Grandfather Howard Belford served in the US Army Special Transportation Battalion Military Police
1952 to 1975 My uncle Lt Richard Belford served with the US Air Force in Korea and Vietnam
1965 to Desert Storm
My uncle Robert Belford served in the US Navy as a Damage controlman ( bosuns mate 2nd class) in Vietnam( served on riverine squadron as well), the Cuban missle crisis, the uss Pueblo incident, 1st gulf war
1917 europe
My great grandfather served with the 117th Pennsylvania National Guard , part of the lost Battalion incident, the 117th went into the wood 2,000 strong, came out with only 200 men, he survived the war only to be crushed in a mine collapse his first day back in the mine, he died of pneumonia on a door in the infirmary 2 months later