100-500 p500 propoxy-n-acet

[For Sale] Personal Tracker (Income/Expense)

2024.05.31 20:52 AdZealousideal8025 [For Sale] Personal Tracker (Income/Expense)

[For Sale] Personal Tracker (Income/Expense)
Hello,
I'm selling a personal tracker I made in google sheets. Transfer of ownership po. I'll teach you how to add more categories for Income and Expense.
Price: Php 120.00 Mode of Payment: GCash/Paymaya
For customized personal tracker with added accounts for 'Payment Type' e.g. GoTyme, OwnBank, BPI, BDO, etc., an add-on price of Php 70 will be charged.
Transaction Logs

Account Summary by Month
Chart of Transaction and Accounts
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2024.05.31 15:26 zahlenmalen ZM's stümperhafte Lappalie

ZM's stümperhafte Lappalie
Keine Anlageberatung, historische Performance ist kein Indikator für eine zukünftige Entwicklung.
ZL;NG: 2xS&P500 - 200SMA Strategie ist wohl gut so wie sie ist. Ein Band von ca. +/-3% reduzierte unnötiges Rein/Raus und hat vor allem in den letzten Kriesen etwa besser performt, bei früheren aber auch schlechter. Ob das so bleibt und eine Anpassung des Original etwas bringt, weiß aber nur die Glaskugel.
"Warum einfach, wenn es auch kompliziert geht?" So oder so ähnlich muss ich mir gedacht haben, als ich den Code von u/ZahlGraf einmal sicherheitskopiert habe. An dieser Stelle auch erst mal vielen Dank für das bereitstellen! Und vor allem auch für die exzellenten Abenteuer auf die du uns mitgenommen hast!
Die dort beschriebene "2x S&P 500 mit 200SMA" Strategie ist es auch, auf die ich mich hier beziehe. Also wer sie noch nicht kennt, erst mal dorthin wechseln! Dort werden auch die Datenbasis u.ä. genauer beschrieben.
Zwei Dinge an der Strategie wollte ich mir einfach mal genauer anschauen:
  • Auswirkungen eines Bands um den SMA, um eben die dortige höhere Volatilität zu vermeiden [200SMA mit Band]
  • Dauer zwischen Verkauf und Kauf, als Indikator wie lange man das Cash ggf. anderweitig einsetzen kann [200SMA mit Tage in Cash]
Also habe ich ohne jegliches Wissen von irgendwas mal die digitalen Wachsmalstifte ausgepackt und ausprobiert.🤡🚀 Es ging mit dabei weniger darum, die Strategie noch großartig anzupassen. Vielmehr wollte ich verstehen, wie sie sich hier verhält. Zunächst einmal die beiden Varianten einzeln, einfach mal um zu sehen, wie sie sich auf die Strategie im Backtest über die ca. 80 Jahre auswirken.

200SMA mit Band

Hier habe ich mir angeschaut, wie sich ein Band um den SMA verhält. Die Idee ist hier: - Wenn 200SMA um x% unterschritten wird, verkaufen - Wenn 200SMA um x% überschritten wird, kaufen
Die These dazu wäre, dass ein Band um den SMA eben den Whipsaw verringert bzw. man die höhere Volatilität am/unter der SMA200 besser umgeht.
Also habe ich von 0% - 8% in kleinen Schritten von 0.25% einfach mal ausprobiert:
200 SMA mit versch. Bändern, +/- x%
Im Chart zeigt sich zunächst einmal, dass alle Varianten eine schlechtere Performance als das Original (S0.0) abliefern. Allerdings auch eine interessante Verteilung: Bis einschl. 4,25% wird die Performance nur max. 1% verringert, jedoch reduziert sich auch der max. Drawdown mit ca. 5 - 18%. Ab einem größeren Band von ca. 4,5% sieht es nicht mehr gut aus. Die Perfomance nimmt deutlich stärker ab und der Drawdown nimmt weiter zu. Dieser Bereich ist also "eher ungünstig". Dazu habe ich mir noch einige Zahlen zur investierten Zeit und Anzahl der Orders ausgeben lassen:
S0.0 - TotalInvest: 20914, Sell&Buys: 439, ShortestInvest: 1, ShortestCash: 1 S0.0025 - TotalInvest: 20923, Sell&Buys: 319, ShortestInvest: 1, ShortestCash: 1 S0.005 - TotalInvest: 20887, Sell&Buys: 249, ShortestInvest: 1, ShortestCash: 1 S0.0075 - TotalInvest: 20808, Sell&Buys: 215, ShortestInvest: 1, ShortestCash: 1 S0.01 - TotalInvest: 20774, Sell&Buys: 183, ShortestInvest: 1, ShortestCash: 1 S0.0125 - TotalInvest: 20728, Sell&Buys: 153, ShortestInvest: 1, ShortestCash: 1 S0.015 - TotalInvest: 20701, Sell&Buys: 133, ShortestInvest: 1, ShortestCash: 1 S0.0175 - TotalInvest: 20712, Sell&Buys: 117, ShortestInvest: 4, ShortestCash: 4 S0.02 - TotalInvest: 20637, Sell&Buys: 109, ShortestInvest: 2, ShortestCash: 5 S0.0225 - TotalInvest: 20708, Sell&Buys: 101, ShortestInvest: 5, ShortestCash: 5 S0.025 - TotalInvest: 20713, Sell&Buys: 89, ShortestInvest: 5, ShortestCash: 5 S0.0275 - TotalInvest: 20807, Sell&Buys: 81, ShortestInvest: 15, ShortestCash: 14 S0.03 - TotalInvest: 20806, Sell&Buys: 75, ShortestInvest: 27, ShortestCash: 14 S0.0325 - TotalInvest: 20899, Sell&Buys: 69, ShortestInvest: 19, ShortestCash: 14 S0.035 - TotalInvest: 20775, Sell&Buys: 67, ShortestInvest: 33, ShortestCash: 14 S0.0375 - TotalInvest: 20827, Sell&Buys: 65, ShortestInvest: 33, ShortestCash: 14 S0.04 - TotalInvest: 20986, Sell&Buys: 61, ShortestInvest: 42, ShortestCash: 14 S0.0425 - TotalInvest: 21212, Sell&Buys: 59, ShortestInvest: 42, ShortestCash: 14 S0.045 - TotalInvest: 21457, Sell&Buys: 55, ShortestInvest: 126, ShortestCash: 44 S0.0475 - TotalInvest: 21501, Sell&Buys: 55, ShortestInvest: 126, ShortestCash: 45 S0.05 - TotalInvest: 21538, Sell&Buys: 55, ShortestInvest: 115, ShortestCash: 56 
Wie zu erwarten nehmen die Orders mit größerem Band kontinuierlich ab. Die Zeit an investierten Tagen nimmt bis 2% leicht ab, bleibt aber bis ca. 4% recht stabil. Darüber nehmen die Tage wieder deutlich zu und man kommt einer Buy&Hold Strategie immer näher.
Die Reduktion an Orders macht sich dann - zumindest auf den langen Zeitraum gesehen - unter Berücksichtigung von Spread und Steuern nochmal besonders bemerkbar.
Spread & Steuern: 13 - 13.6% CGAR, bei -6% - -14% Drawdown im Vergleich
Klammert man zur Sicherheit den Randbereich etwas aus, bleibt hier also ein interessanter Bereich von 1-3%.
Einen Blick in Krisenszenarien habe ich auch geworfen. Hier steht es ca. 50:50 zwischen der originalen SMA200 und der Variante mit Band. Wobei vor allem in den aktuelleren Kriesen (Dotcom, Finanzkrise und Corona) die Strategie mit zusätzlichem Band wieder aufholen bzw. überholen konnte.

200SMA mit Tage in Cash

Hier habe ich mir angeschaut, wie sich die Strategie verhält, wenn man bei jedem Verkauf erst einmal x Tage lang in Cash bleibt. Es ging mir hier um die These, dass man bei einer größeren Korrektur bzw. Kriese oftmals auch viele Chancen hat. Man möchte also (zumindest in Teilen) das Geld eventuell auch anderweitig nutzen können. Das geht aber nur, wenn man nicht an der Seitenlinie steht um ggf. täglich wieder bei überschreiten der 200SMA bereitstehen muss um wieder einzusteigen.
In einem ersten Backtest in Schritten von 5 Tagen habe ich alle Varianten bis 120 Tage geprüft. Hier kommt kein wirklich brauchbares Ergebnis raus. Der max. Drawdown geht zwar ab ca. 20 Tagen ähnlich stark zurück wie bei der Variante mit Band. Allerdings geht auch die Performance mit bis zu 4% deutlich (zu) stärker zurück. Die Verteilung der Tage zeigt auch, dass es hier einfach nur Zufallstreffer gibt, bzw. keinen groben Bereich den man als Tendenz anpeilen kann. Die Grafiken dazu erspare ich mir daher hier.
Dennoch wollte ich auch noch einmal prüfen, wie es denn dann in Kombination aussieht.

Kombination

Also wie sieht es aus, wenn man ein Band von x% anlegt und zusätzlich x Tage nach Verkauf in Cash bleibt. Zuerst einmal mit 1%,2% und 3% Band, sowie mit 0 - 120 Tagen in 5 Tage Schritten ausprobiert. Das gibt ein wildes Ergebnis... Vor allem im 1% Band ergibt sich kein klares Bild. Im 2% Band sind die Ergebnisse auch eher etwas zufällig verteilt, nur dass ab ca. 100Tagen hier die Performance stärker nachlässt. Im 3% Band ergab sich aber folgendes Bild:
https://preview.redd.it/0qw87b9x8m3d1.png?width=1142&format=png&auto=webp&s=e11d81c403f59b21e94c507dc6a8fac1a8081954
Bis zu 65 Tagen hätte man nach jedem Verkauf im Cash bleiben können, ohne dass es einen signifikanten Unterschied gemacht hätte. Damit ergibt sich endlich auch für die "x Tage in Cash" These ein gewisser Bereich der - zumindest in Kombination mit dem 3% Band - im Hinterkopf bleiben kann. Klammert man hier auch wieder den Randbereich aus, sind wird bei bis zu 45 Tage relativ sicher mit dem Cash auch anderweitig unterwegs.

Ergebnis(?)

Das 3% Band sieht sehr vielversprechend aus. Es hat im Backtest den Whipsaw nahezu vollständig aufgehoben ohne die Performance besonders weit zu reduzieren. Außerdem bestätigte es im Backtest eine gewisse Zeit (~30Handelstage) in der man andere Chancen nutzen kann.
Die Problematik ist hier natürlich nur: Beide Werte basieren nun mal einfach nur auf den historischen Werten. Morgen kann es auch schon ganz anders aussehen. Ob es nun sinnvoll ist, das +/-3% Band in die Strategie aufzunehmen, muss natürlich jeder mit seinem Anlageberater besprechen. Da es prinzipiell aber ja nur eine Bestätigung der hohen Volatilität am/unter dem 200 SMA darstellt, hat es meiner Meinung nach durchaus Potential. Die 45 (30 Handels-)Tage hingegen dienen höchstens als "Anhaltspunkt" und sind mir zu weit von einem tatsächlich konkreten Zusammenhang entfernt.
Wie das ganze dann nun etwas konkreter aussehen könnte:
MA/B3: +/-3% Band um den 200SMA, Spread und Steuern berücksichtig
Mit dem 2x S&P500 kann man das Risiko minimal reduzieren. Tatsächlich kommt es hier aber auch immer auf den konkreten Verlauf einer Korrektur an.
Wäre da nicht das Emittentenrisiko, würden aber nun auch die Varianten mit einem 3-fachen Hebel auf den S&P500 in einen interessanteren Bereich rücken. Mit "50% 3x + 50% 2x S&P500" läge die Performance nochmal deutlich über dem Original bei weiterhin geringerem max. Drawdown.
Zum Abschluss dann die nette Simulation über beliebige 15-Jahreszeiträume (siehe Original für Details). Bei einer Anfangsinvestition von 10.000$ sowie einer Sparrate von 100$ monatlich lässt sich somit besser einschätzen, wie die Anpassung mit dem 3% Band sich in einem realistischeren Anlagehorizont verhalten hätte.
https://preview.redd.it/fcwbkf6dfr3d1.png?width=1142&format=png&auto=webp&s=deaa7f109dac48cd3bc2d3c0465a59f6a1e30426
Im Vergleich zum Original ergibt sich hier ein etwas geringeres Durchschnittsergebnis: 120k vs 132k Allerdings zeigt sich im unteren Bereich das geringere Risiko, im 95% Interval(*) kommen wir zu 50k vs 43k. Interessant auch, dass selbst im schlimmsten Fall nach gut 10Jahren bereits mindestens der Cash-Einsatz wieder aufgeholt ist!
ACHTUNG: Emittentenrisiko beim 3x ist zu beachten!
Nimmt man (das Emittentenrisiko ignorierend) die Variante mit 50% 3x S&P500, so schießt der Durchschnitt in die Höhe: 164k vs. 132k. Generell verbreitert sich damit auch das 95% Interval(*) in beide Richtungen. Im schlimmsten Fall käme man sogar mit etwas weniger als dem Cash-Einsatz am Ende der 15 Jahre an.
(\): Das 95% Interval bezieht sich auf die Original-Implementierung über die Standardabweichung, was so nicht ganz korrekt ist bzw. zu einem eher negativen/pessimistischen Ergebnis führt.*

Fazit

Zuerst einmal: Es hat Spaß gemacht, sich mit den Daten und der großartigen Arbeit von ZahlGraf zu beschäftigen. Vielen Dank nochmals hierfür. Für mich persönlich konnte ich einiges mitnehmen. Die Ergänzung des Bandes wird sich sicherlich in meiner persönlichen Strategie wiederfinden. Und auch die Handelstage in Cash sind meiner Meinung nach zumindest eine wertvolle Indikation, mit der man Arbeiten kann.
Da ich aber auch bei weitem nicht das Wissen über die ganze Thematik habe, würde ich mich freuen wenn es der ein oder andere bis hier her geschafft hat und ein Feedback hier lässt. Vielleicht bin ich ja schon direkt am Anfang irgendwo falsch abgebogen und das ganze hier ergibt gar keinen Sinn? Dann schon mal Tschuldigom!
Quelle und ermöglicht durch: ZahlGrafs Exzellente Abenteuer
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2024.05.31 04:45 ThefinancialReporter $2000 per month into savings, what should you plan to do with it to get good returns?

$2000 per month into savings, what should you plan to do with it to get good returns?
To achieve good returns on your investments, consider the following strategies:
https://preview.redd.it/ipswl6rjdo3d1.png?width=602&format=png&auto=webp&s=078197bd9bc7615215d579cfcd42298aaad0409d
  1. Diversify Your Portfolio: Spread your investments across various asset classes (stocks, bonds, real estate, etc.) and sectors to reduce risk.
  2. Invest in Quality Stocks: Focus on companies with strong fundamentals, good management, and a history of profitability. Blue-chip stocks are often a good choice.
  3. Consider Index Funds or ETFs: These provide broad market exposure and tend to have lower fees compared to actively managed funds. They are less risky and can provide steady returns.
  4. Regular Contributions: Invest regularly, regardless of market conditions. Dollar-cost averaging can reduce the impact of volatility and lower your average cost per share.
  5. Reinvest Dividends: Automatically reinvest dividends to benefit from compounding returns over time.
  6. Long-Term Focus: Avoid trying to time the market. Invest with a long-term perspective to ride out market fluctuations and benefit from overall market growth.
  7. Stay Informed: Keep up with financial news and market trends. Understanding the economic environment can help you make informed decisions.
  8. Risk Management: Assess your risk tolerance and adjust your portfolio accordingly. Younger investors can typically take on more risk, while those nearing retirement may prefer more conservative investments.
  9. Regular Portfolio Review: Periodically review and rebalance your portfolio to maintain your desired asset allocation and risk level.
  10. Use Tax-Advantaged Accounts: Maximize contributions to retirement accounts like 401(k)s and IRAs, which offer tax benefits that can enhance your returns.
  11. Avoid High Fees: Be mindful of investment fees and opt for low-cost funds and brokerages to maximize your returns.
  12. Emergency Fund: Maintain an emergency fund to cover unexpected expenses. This prevents you from having to sell investments at an inopportune time.
  13. Educate Yourself: Continuously learn about investing through books, courses, and reputable financial websites. Knowledge can help you make better investment choices.
  14. Professional Advice: Consider consulting a financial advisor, especially if you're new to investing or have a large portfolio. They can provide personalized advice and strategies.
  15. Stay Disciplined: Stick to your investment plan and avoid making impulsive decisions based on short-term market movements.
https://preview.redd.it/9c7rpnaldo3d1.png?width=602&format=png&auto=webp&s=ab0702a01162eea055d1c3e0cba94e81c239e4ab
how do you find good posable funds?
  1. portifolio visualizer
  2. Fidelity fund screener
What is imporetant to evauate? here is an example:
SSO (ProShares Ultra S&P500) vs. SPY (SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust) vs. FSELX (Fidelity Select Semiconductors Portfolio)
  1. Start BalanceAll three funds started with a balance of $10,000.
  2. End BalanceSSO: $46,092SPY: $28,817FSELX: $86,561Analysis: FSELX significantly outperformed both SSO and SPY in terms of end balance.
  3. Annualized Return (CAGR)SSO: 17.79%SPY: 12.01%FSELX: 26.02%Analysis: FSELX had the highest annualized return, followed by SSO, with SPY having the lowest.
  4. Standard DeviationSSO: 31.95%SPY: 15.65%FSELX: 28.31%Analysis: SSO exhibited the highest volatility, followed by FSELX, with SPY being the least volatile.
  5. Best YearSSO: 63.45%SPY: 31.22%FSELX: 78.14%Analysis: FSELX had the highest best year performance, significantly outperforming both SSO and SPY.
  6. Worst YearSSO: -38.98%SPY: -18.17%FSELX: -35.18%Analysis: SSO had the worst year, followed closely by FSELX, with SPY experiencing the least severe downturn.
  7. Maximum DrawdownSSO: -45.69%SPY: -23.93%FSELX: -40.74%Analysis: SSO had the greatest maximum drawdown, indicating the highest risk, followed by FSELX, with SPY having the smallest drawdown.
  8. Sharpe RatioSSO: 0.63SPY: 0.71FSELX: 0.91Analysis: FSELX had the highest Sharpe Ratio, suggesting it provided the best risk-adjusted returns, followed by SPY and then SSO.
  9. Sortino RatioSSO: 0.96SPY: 1.10FSELX: 1.52Analysis: FSELX also had the highest Sortino Ratio, indicating the best downside risk-adjusted performance, followed by SPY and then SSO.
Summary
  • Performance: FSELX vastly outperformed both SSO and SPY in terms of total return and best yearly performance.
  • Risk-Adjusted Returns: FSELX offered the best risk-adjusted returns as evidenced by the highest Sharpe and Sortino Ratios. SPY was second, and SSO had the lowest risk-adjusted returns.
  • Volatility and Risk: SSO exhibited the highest volatility and worst year performance, making it the riskiest investment. FSELX had high volatility but offered higher returns, while SPY provided the most stable and lower-risk investment option.
In conclusion, FSELX provided the highest returns and best risk-adjusted performance but with significant volatility and drawdown. SSO offered substantial returns with high risk, while SPY was the safest and most stable investment among the three, with lower returns but better stability and risk-adjusted metrics.
What are some strategies in investing in ETF/ index funds?
Three Possible Investment Strategies
  1. Dollar Cost Averaging (DCA)
Overview: Dollar Cost Averaging (DCA) is a strategy where you invest a fixed amount of money at regular intervals, regardless of the market conditions. This approach helps mitigate the impact of market volatility by spreading your investments over time.
How It Works:
  • Consistency: You invest the same amount of money, say $100, on a regular schedule, such as monthly or bi-weekly.
  • Automatic Purchases: The investment amount buys more shares when prices are low and fewer shares when prices are high.
  • Long-Term Focus: DCA is best suited for long-term investments, allowing you to accumulate wealth steadily without trying to time the market.
Advantages:
  • Reduces Impact of Volatility: By investing consistently, you avoid the risk of making large investments at market peaks.
  • Psychological Benefits: It reduces the emotional stress of investing, as you don't need to worry about market timing.
  • Simplicity: It's a straightforward strategy that requires minimal decision-making once set up.
Example: If you decide to invest $500 monthly in an index fund, you might buy more shares during a market downturn and fewer shares during a market upswing, averaging out your cost over time.
  1. Using Relative Strength Index (RSI) for Discretionary Investing
Overview: The Relative Strength Index (RSI) is a momentum oscillator that measures the speed and change of price movements. It is used to identify overbought or oversold conditions in a market.
How It Works:
  • RSI Calculation: RSI values range from 0 to 100. An RSI above 70 indicates that a stock might be overbought, while an RSI below 30 suggests it might be oversold.
  • Discretionary Layer: You incorporate RSI into your investment strategy to buy stocks when they are oversold (RSI below 30) and sell or avoid buying when they are overbought (RSI above 70).
Advantages:
  • Better Entry Points: Helps you buy stocks at lower price points on average, potentially increasing your returns.
  • Market Timing: Adds a layer of technical analysis to your strategy, aiding in better timing of your trades.
  • Flexibility: Can be used alongside other investment strategies, such as DCA, to enhance performance.
Example: Suppose you're interested in a stock with a strong fundamental outlook. If its RSI drops below 30, indicating it's oversold, you might decide to buy more shares, capitalizing on the lower price.
  1. Creating a Custom Portfolio from Top Performing Index Funds and Backtesting Stocks
Overview: This strategy involves analyzing top-performing index funds and backtesting individual stocks to create a custom portfolio tailored to your risk tolerance and investment goals.
How It Works:
  • Top Performing Index Funds: Identify index funds that have consistently outperformed the market. Look at their historical performance, expense ratios, and holdings.
  • Backtesting Individual Stocks: Use historical data to test how individual stocks would have performed under various market conditions. This helps in selecting stocks that have shown resilience and strong growth.
  • Custom Portfolio Creation: Combine the insights from top-performing index funds and backtested stocks to build a diversified portfolio.
Advantages:
  • Personalized Strategy: Allows you to tailor your investments to your specific risk profile and financial goals.
  • Higher Potential Returns: By selecting high-performing assets, you might achieve higher returns compared to generic index investing.
  • Diversification: Combining index funds with carefully selected stocks can provide a balanced approach, mitigating risk while aiming for superior returns.
Example: You might start by selecting an index fund like the S&P 500 for broad market exposure. Then, you backtest stocks in sectors you believe will outperform, such as technology or healthcare, adding those that have shown strong historical performance and resilience to your portfolio.
Summary
  • Dollar Cost Averaging (DCA): Focuses on reducing the impact of volatility through consistent, regular investments.
  • RSI for Discretionary Investing: Adds a technical analysis layer to identify better entry points by buying when stocks are oversold.
  • Custom Portfolio Creation: Combines insights from top-performing index funds and backtested individual stocks to create a personalized, high-potential portfolio.
By employing these strategies, you can develop a diversified and well-rounded approach to investing that balances risk and return based on your personal preferences and market conditions.
here is 2000 a month in all of these funds
https://preview.redd.it/80nse16ndo3d1.png?width=602&format=png&auto=webp&s=d1a6aa99afa26e73e7dca73a6beaa717b4795bd4
Here common short falls of why people don't accomplish this:
https://preview.redd.it/kyorxcdodo3d1.png?width=602&format=png&auto=webp&s=45460a81f134602f4113191f7303ac07a78d8701
Here are many common investing shortfalls in the stock market:
  1. Lack of Diversification: Investing too heavily in a single stock or sector increases risk.
  2. Market Timing: Attempting to predict market highs and lows often results in poor investment decisions.
  3. Emotional Investing: Letting emotions like fear and greed drive investment choices, leading to buying high and selling low.
  4. Ignoring Research: Failing to thoroughly research companies and market conditions before investing.
  5. Overtrading: Excessive buying and selling can lead to high transaction costs and lower returns.
  6. Chasing Performance: Investing in stocks or funds based on recent performance without considering long-term potential.
  7. Neglecting Fees: Not accounting for the impact of management fees, trading fees, and other costs on investment returns.
  8. Lack of a Clear Strategy: Investing without a well-defined plan or goals can lead to haphazard and ineffective decision-making.
  9. Ignoring Risk Tolerance: Taking on more risk than one can comfortably handle, leading to panic selling during downturns.
  10. Failure to Rebalance: Not periodically adjusting the portfolio to maintain the desired asset allocation.
  11. Confirmation Bias: Focusing on information that confirms pre-existing beliefs and ignoring contradictory data.
  12. Overconfidence: Believing too strongly in one's ability to pick winners, leading to risky bets and potential losses.
  13. Short-Term Focus: Prioritizing short-term gains over long-term growth, often at the expense of higher potential returns.
  14. Underestimating Compound Interest: Not appreciating the power of compound interest and the benefits of long-term investing.
  15. Ignoring Tax Implications: Failing to consider the tax impact of investment decisions, which can erode returns.
  16. Following the Crowd: Making investment decisions based on popular opinion or trends rather than independent analysis.
  17. Neglecting Economic Indicators: Ignoring broader economic signals and how they might impact the market.
  18. Lack of Patience: Expecting quick returns and becoming frustrated with the natural market fluctuations.
  19. Dividend Neglect: Overlooking the importance of dividends in contributing to total returns.
  20. Speculative Investments: Investing in high-risk, speculative assets without understanding the risks involved.
  21. Falling for Investment Scams: Being duped by fraudulent schemes promising guaranteed high returns.
  22. Not Having an Emergency Fund: Investing money that might be needed for emergencies, leading to forced sales at inopportune times.
  23. Inadequate Research on Fund Managers: Investing in mutual funds or ETFs without understanding the fund manager's strategy and track record.
  24. Ignoring Inflation: Not considering how inflation can erode purchasing power and impact real returns.
  25. Underestimating Volatility: Not preparing for market volatility and the impact it can have on an investment portfolio.
  26. Reacting to Short-Term News: Making investment decisions based on short-term news events rather than long-term trends.
  27. Overestimating One’s Knowledge: Assuming one knows more than the market, leading to overconfident and often incorrect decisions.
  28. Ignoring Financial Statements: Not analyzing a company’s financial health through its balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement.
  29. Failure to Set Stop-Loss Orders: Not using stop-loss orders to limit potential losses.
  30. Underestimating the Importance of a Balanced Portfolio: Focusing too much on growth stocks and not enough on stability and income-generating investments.
  31. Not Learning from Mistakes: Repeating past investment errors without analyzing and learning from them.
  32. Ignoring Global Markets: Focusing solely on domestic markets and missing out on opportunities in international markets.
  33. Relying Too Heavily on Financial Advisors: Depending too much on financial advisors without doing personal research and understanding one’s investments.
  34. Neglecting to Read Prospectuses: Investing in mutual funds or ETFs without reading and understanding the prospectus.
  35. Failure to Understand Investment Vehicles: Investing in complex instruments like options or futures without fully understanding how they work.
  36. Not Taking Advantage of Employer Match: Failing to maximize contributions to employer-sponsored retirement plans to take full advantage of matching contributions.
  37. Ignoring the Impact of Currency Exchange Rates: Not considering how fluctuations in currency exchange rates can affect investments in foreign stocks or funds.
  38. Overestimating the Safety of Bonds: Assuming bonds are always safe investments without understanding the risks of interest rate changes and credit defaults.
  39. Not Considering Alternative Investments: Focusing solely on stocks and ignoring other asset classes like real estate, commodities, or peer-to-peer lending.
  40. Misunderstanding Leverage: Using leverage without fully understanding the risks and potential for significant losses.
  41. Falling for Hot Tips: Acting on stock tips from unreliable sources without doing proper research.
The key is to consistently invest
Once you know how to compare funds you always want to use a tax managed account first then work your waist down the line as long as you don't have egregious amount of high interest debt.
Sometimes the biggest step is just to start
It'll probably feel awful but that's OK
You might even find something better later on and that's OK too
Making more money at your job or side hustle that might give you a better ROI in the short term
Back testing is important so you're not caught off guard by the drawdowns and you have a reasonable expectation of value in the future.
Start auto investing just so that you don't have to look at it and freak out if there's a pull back sometimes the investors worst enemies themselves
If you'd like more reports like this you can always follow the financial reporter
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2024.05.29 14:19 TearRepresentative56 I'm a full time trader and this is everything I'm watching and analysing in premarket 29/05 as the market pulls back slightly this morning. Full positioning updates included.

To support more of my free daily analysis, and to see more stock specific analysis and updates, please join Tradingedge.
ANALYSIS:
MARKETS:
EARNINGS:
DKS
RAISED THEIR GUIDANCE for full year
CAVA - strong earnings, but stock is trading very high right now, hence why market reaction is still lower despite good quarter.
MAG 7:
OTHER COMPANIES:
OTHER NEWS:
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2024.05.29 14:19 TearRepresentative56 I'm a full time trader and this is everything I'm watching and analysing in premarket 29/05 so you know what the hell is going on in the market before you start trading today.

ANALYSIS:
MARKETS:
EARNINGS:
DKS
RAISED THEIR GUIDANCE for full year
CAVA - strong earnings, but stock is trading very high right now, hence why market reaction is still lower despite good quarter.
MAG 7:
OTHER COMPANIES:
OTHER NEWS:
submitted by TearRepresentative56 to WallStreetbetsELITE [link] [comments]


2024.05.29 14:18 TearRepresentative56 I'm a full time trader and this is everything I'm watching and analysing in premarket as the market pulls back slightly this morning 29/05

ANALYSIS:
MARKETS:
EARNINGS:
DKS
RAISED THEIR GUIDANCE for full year
CAVA - strong earnings, but stock is trading very high right now, hence why market reaction is still lower despite good quarter.
MAG 7:
OTHER COMPANIES:
OTHER NEWS:
submitted by TearRepresentative56 to Daytrading [link] [comments]


2024.05.29 14:17 TearRepresentative56 I'm a full time trader and this is everything I'm watching and analysing in premarket as market pulls back slightly this morning 29/05

To support more of my free daily analysis, and to see more stock specific analysis and updates, please join Tradingedge.
ANALYSIS:
MARKETS:
EARNINGS:
DKS
RAISED THEIR GUIDANCE for full year
CAVA - strong earnings, but stock is trading very high right now, hence why market reaction is still lower despite good quarter.
MAG 7:
OTHER COMPANIES:
OTHER NEWS:
To support more of my free daily analysis, and to see more stock specific analysis and updates, please join Tradingedge.
submitted by TearRepresentative56 to swingtrading [link] [comments]


2024.05.29 14:16 TearRepresentative56 Everything I'm watching and analysing in premarket as market pulls back slightly this morning 29.05

To support more of my free daily analysis, and to see more stock specific analysis and updates, please join Tradingedge.
ANALYSIS:
MARKETS:
EARNINGS:
DKS
RAISED THEIR GUIDANCE for full year
CAVA - strong earnings, but stock is trading very high right now, hence why market reaction is still lower despite good quarter.
MAG 7:
OTHER COMPANIES:
OTHER NEWS:
To support more of my free daily analysis, and to see more stock specific analysis and updates, please join Tradingedge.
submitted by TearRepresentative56 to TradingEdge [link] [comments]


2024.05.27 21:23 IanTigger Berkshire B vs S&P 500

Hi there,
19 (M), here, I wanted to ask what Your guy’s opinion is on going 100% Berkshire Hathaway vs S&P 500.
I’m from a European country with 27.5% capital gains taxes on dividends, and this is sadly unavoidable even with accumulating ETFs since You still have to pay a 27.5% tax on what is reinvested, so basically there’s nearly no difference between an accumulating and distributing ETF, other than saving on broker fees. I believe that the tax would have a big effect on the snowball effect in the long term, and I’m better of just sticking to Berkshire, since I pay zero taxes until I sell. The downside is, that I’m less diversified than I would be if I was 100% S&P 500. Nevertheless, even if Berkshire were to slightly underperform the S&P, I would still come ahead. Would doing something like a 50/50 split make sense between the two?
Side note, I’m currently 100% Berkshire, but I could put my monthly contribution into the S&P500 instead.
submitted by IanTigger to Bogleheads [link] [comments]


2024.05.27 16:51 FinanceTAWAY1999 Just turned 25, FIRE journey summary so far… (137K)

Hi all, the usual I don’t really have people to share this with, hence sharing this with the community here, to also have a discussion on my approach and journey so far.
Context:
I live in Singapore, and hence all figures are in SGD. I currently earn an average salary of around 55-60K per year (including bonuses), and started work around 2 years ago in 2022. I only started tracking my net worth in May 2023, hence I now have a full year of figures to look through and analyse.
The individual tax rate in Singapore is relatively low (with no capital gains taxes), and Singapore has a mandated pension system where 20% of my yearly pay is taken and put in the pension system (essentially my take home pay is 80% of the figure), while the employer contributes another 17%. This has been included in my net worth, as the money still belongs to me and earns an interest rate of around 2.5% - 4%, but can only be accessed at 55 years of age. The pension can however, also be used to purchase property/health insurance/medical expenses prior to the age of 55.
I am very lucky to be able to live with my parents, and provide them with roughly 20% of my take home pay in return as "rental". As such, I do not have rental expenses, and am lucky to be able to have homecooked food for dinner. Am also grateful to my parents for bringing me all the way to double degrees (which while heavily subsidised by the government still costs 40K), and still being financially prudent to have more than enough for their own retirements such that I will not have to worry about them. I do not have any debts as well.
That leaves me with about 60% of my salary as my “real” take home pay per month. My expenditures are extremely low, sometimes between 300-500 a month. I meal prep for my work weeks to further supplement my ability to save, as well as improve my cooking skills, as well as eat healthier and meet my macro targets better.
Motivation:
I’ve never had too many wants in life (other than travel), and am easily contented. However, I’ve come to realise that personally for me, the single biggest want I have is the want for freedom, to have control over my life and time, instead of having no choice but to work in corporate for the rest of my life. This doesn’t mean I would just retire the moment I hit FI, but that at least I’d have the choice to do whatever I want to, which is what is most important to me. To me, all other wants (other than travelling) come secondary to this, which is why my saving rates are so high, because to me, I’m spending it on the one thing most important to me – freedom.
Also, I just like seeing number go up every month, it excites my monkey brain like it’s a minigame in real life.
The Numbers:-
Total NW as at the end of May: $137,599.85
Total NW in equities: $94,782.79
Total NW in pension: $48,816.48
Average equities contribution per month over the past 12 months: $2,594
Detailed Breakdown and Graphs: https://imgur.com/a/YKPEBKU
The investment strategy:
As previously mentioned, I am lucky enough to be living with my parents. As such, I have no mortgages, rents or debts to service, which has allowed me the opportunity to go aggressively 100% in on equities, instead of building things like an emergency 6-month expense buffer. When I eventually have to move out, there will definitely be one started, but at the moment I find it is in my best interest to be as aggressive as possible to allow the compounding machine to start snowballing.
Most of my investments are in the S&P 500, unless I see opportunities in individual stocks (only blue chip companies). I personally lean towards the view that the S&P 500 is sufficiently diversified, given the global reach of the many companies within. I have been lucky enough to catch investments in individual tech stocks such as ADBE, AMZN, MSFT during the tech crash, which has bolstered my portfolio performance to around a 40% return on investment.
Otherwise, I consistently DCA into the markets every month otherwise, knowing it is better to stay invested in the markets than to time it. As Singapore has a tax treaty with the UK, my investments are in ETFs which track the SP500 domiciled in the LSE. I do not expect to consistently outperform the S&P500, and know I am not smart enough to beat the market consistently, and likely just got lucky on my performance so far. Whether the market continues the bull run it’s been on (to be honest, kinda sucks as I really wanted to accumulate much more before it had such a massive run up), or crashes down further lower, I will just continue to hold and buy more, knowing the time horizon in front of me is fairly long.
Aside from financial investments, I also value investing in myself, taking professional qualifications and examinations, and maintaining a positive attitude towards learning more at my workplace, as well as attending more networking functions all to hopefully climb the corporate ladder a little bit faster, and increase my income in addition to my saving rates.
Additional Thoughts:
· Initially, I have occasionally struggled with being overtly frugal, especially when first starting out. When I travelled to Japan, for example, while I really wanted to try Omakase, which wasn’t even particular expensive for a decent joint there, but I was stuck in a mindset of not wanting to spend too much to accelerate my FI progress as fast as possible. When I got back and regretted it, I reflected on this incident, and realised I needed to stop and smell the flowers once in a while, especially if it was something that would have brought me joy and made me happier. Since then, when wanting to purchase something, I’ve always tried to stop and ask myself – “Does this truly make me happy, or significantly improve my quality of life?” If the answer is yes, I’ve stopped hesitating on spending on experiences or wants like these. Spending on family, overseas friends when I host them, a higher end phone when my old one has served me well for 4 years, paying more for experiences when I travel… It definitely gets easier to do so as my NW goes up as well, being aware that the effects of compounding and starting early on a now substantial number will ultimately make these relatively small expenses obsolete in the long run.
· During COVID, I lost around $10,000 after discovering options (as many of us did), as well as during the crypto run-up (FTX and some shit coins). While it was a devastatingly significant amount of money at the time as I was still in university with no income, just savings from working odd jobs and internships, I’ve since realised it was a good thing I got that out of my system and learnt my lessons at such a young age, when the losses were relatively low due to my low NW at the time. Ironically, losing that amount of money while I was young and stupid (I treat it as my stock market tuition) would likely save me so much more in the long run, as I now know not to recklessly gamble on quick rich schemes, and instead see FI as a marathon, more than a race.
· Churn those credit cards and brokerage rewards!! Throughout churning these rewards, I've probably made it out with $3,000+, which I've since spent on my vacations and travels. If you're willing to put in the effort to track these credit card requirements, make timely payments and can be disciplined enough not to spend too much, it's literally free money. Additionally, many of these credit cards ultimately end up as part of my CC Strategy, where I earn miles/cashback on spending thereafter.
Concluding thoughts:
I might add more thoughts if I think of anything, will be thinking of doing this review once a year near my birthday to track my progress, and see if there have been new insights or thoughts as I go along. Hope everyone has a great day ahead, and looking forward to hear any opinions or thoughts if any (both positive and negative lol). Thanks for reading!
submitted by FinanceTAWAY1999 to Fire [link] [comments]


2024.05.25 19:20 LumpyCourage4495 Spaylater vouchers

Spaylater vouchers
Lahat ba ng bago apply sa spay binibigyan ng ganitong vouchers? Hanggang ilan binigay sa inyo?
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2024.05.25 18:03 PresentRaspberry617 Better Trade Management System

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2024.05.24 12:29 Feeling-Carpenter385 Partie 2 : ETF à effet de levier : analyse et reconstruction du CL2 de 1928-2024

Partie 2 : ETF à effet de levier : analyse et reconstruction du CL2 de 1928-2024
Il s'agit de la suite d'un autre post pour le début voici le lien vers la première partie :
Partie 1
On obtient alors :
https://preview.redd.it/wvyyqygrnc2d1.png?width=627&format=png&auto=webp&s=5c0c8bd6a2e1e7c0f1bd482da9efb4d22b3beed3
Que l’on peut comparer au €STR et l’EONIA sur la même période.
https://preview.redd.it/ngduzc1unc2d1.png?width=571&format=png&auto=webp&s=2199f830de1f5d313164d4e6ce4eb531e041c9e3
On remarque bien que le taux payé par Amundi est influencé par le €STR.

[De 2001 à 2014]()

Sur cette période, nous n’avons ni les données de l’indice MSCI USA leveraged x2, ni celle du LETF d’Amundi, cependant nous avons celles de l’indice MSCI USA et nous avons également l’historique des taux de l’€STR et EONIA. Nous allons donc reconstruire la performance du LETF CL2 à partir de ces deux données.
Pour pouvoir reconstruire le LETF d’Amundi nous calculons d’abord la performance du MSCI USA libellé en € pour chaque jour de cotation i que nous noterons µ𝑖 , puis nous estimerons la performance journalière de l’indice MSCI USA Leveraged 2 noté 𝜇𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒 2 𝑖 en utilisant le formule :
https://preview.redd.it/tfnvev3coc2d1.png?width=307&format=png&auto=webp&s=f5399852d778ea99bcf8c22d1eb910f13c05a5d6
Avec :
𝑅𝑖 Le taux €STR ou EONIA le jour i
𝑇𝑖 Le nombre de jours entre les deux dates de cotations successives i-1 et i
Enfin nous appliquerons des frais de gestion annuel que l’on note f, on note alors la performance estimé du LETF le jour i, que l’on calcule de la manière suivante :
https://preview.redd.it/f56vin7ioc2d1.png?width=391&format=png&auto=webp&s=8a9896ab9daeb4a37aedea8b45c97f80f5f1691a
On prend la racine 252ème car il y a environ 252 jours de cotation par ans.
Ainsi si on a placé un montant e sur le LETF d’Amundi le premier jour le montant au Nème jour est de :
https://preview.redd.it/5akw68dloc2d1.png?width=340&format=png&auto=webp&s=ce059411788ef73af13a377f7231d1be21482a90
L’équation ci-dessus est purement théorique, nous allons donc voir dans quelle mesure celle-ci est valable dans la pratique, nous allons donc réutiliser l’idée évoqué dans le post : « Une analyse un peu plus sérieuse des ETF à effet de levier (LETF) » qui consistait à tracer le ratio entre la performance réel du LETF et la performance simulé et d’adapter f afin que le ratio soit le plus proche de 1, c’est-à-dire de tracer le ratio de la performance vrai du LETF sur la performance estimé donnée par l’équation ci-dessus.
https://preview.redd.it/c82s5geooc2d1.png?width=736&format=png&auto=webp&s=303b21e1a988e40f88d85b14cbd12ccaef6a7fb6
Avec des frais de gestion de 0,35%/ans (f=0,0035) la déviation entre le modèle et le LETF d’Amundi n’excède pas 0,3% sur une période de 10ans. Ceci peut paraître étonnant car les frais de gestion dans le DIC du CL2 sont de 0,5%/ans, c’est-à-dire que le CL2 arrive à surperformer sont indice de référence sur le long terme ce qui donne des frais réels de gestion plus faible. Cette surperformance peut être expliquée par la construction synthétique de l’ETF, cela n’est pas le sujet voici un article qui explique le fonctionnement des ETF synthétique :
· https://ploovers.com/blog/faut-il-investir-via-des-etf-trackers-analyse-dun-professionnel-1-2
On peut alors donner deux conclusions majeurs grâce au graphique précédent :
· Il ne semble pas y avoir de coût de reset du levier quotidien pour le CL2, voir on a un gain supplémentaire.
· L’équation représentée ci-dessus ne s’écarte que très peu (0,3% sur 10ans) de la valeur réelle du CL2 d’Amundi.
On va alors pouvoir étendre la performance du CL2 en utilisant l’équation ci-dessus jusqu’en 2001 avec une très bonne précision (de l’ordre de 0,5% de déviation en 2001).
https://preview.redd.it/36alzqtsoc2d1.png?width=744&format=png&auto=webp&s=995c4a40dfb27c470b45be9726091b6cc49847c4

[De 1999 à 2001]()

Sur cette période l’euro existe toujours, mais je n’ai plus de valeur pour l’indice MSCI USA (si des gens l’on je leur remercie).
On va alors utiliser la formule suivante avec les données du S&P 500 total return en €.
https://preview.redd.it/0bw3or6voc2d1.png?width=391&format=png&auto=webp&s=2cda5ddd61a6991c3d81c46f6b0c5b4f4ffb75e1
Puis on va tracer le rapport comme effectué dans le paragraphe précédent entre 2001 et 2024. L’estimation précédente sur la période 2001-2014 étant très fiable, on mesurera la fiabilité des estimations suivantes sur la période 2001-2024 avec le LETF d’Amundi reconstruit jusqu’en 2001. On obtient alors le graphique suivant avec f=1,4%/ans :
https://preview.redd.it/o2km9nbyoc2d1.png?width=739&format=png&auto=webp&s=acfb1cb63ab79a5bda5008bd8fb2a6fd8717d92b
On remarque que le ratio oscille à plus au moins 5%. Les frais sont plus élevés car l’indice MSCI USA est dividende net réinvesti et le S&P 500 total return est dividende brut réinvesti, cet écart fiscale se retrouve alors dans des frais f plus élevés. On va alors pouvoir étendre le CL2 jusqu’à début janvier 1999.
https://preview.redd.it/78ra20a1pc2d1.png?width=718&format=png&auto=webp&s=1260e599c142f71cc5f0cdb8151cca986acf258b

[De 1988 à 1999]()

Sur cette période le problème c’est que l’euro n’existait pas, donc j’ai ni les données de €STR ni celle du taux de change euro dollars. Les données prises afin d’effectuer la simulation seront donc le S&P500 total return en $ et le taux effectif de la banque central américain (FED), je maintiens les frais de 1,4%/ans pour la période.
Je conçois parfaitement que les approximations sont importantes, donc le graphique du CL2 s’écarte grandement de ce qu’il aurait pu être. Le graphique suivant ne peut donc servir qu’à titre indicatif.
Voici le graphique simulé du CL2 jusqu’en 1988
https://preview.redd.it/8padydp4pc2d1.png?width=757&format=png&auto=webp&s=62b3d200ea014a83cc7cf1604ef01dff7ea545b7

[De 1928 à 1988]()

Pour cette dernière période je n’ai plus les données du S&P 500 total return mais uniquement celle du S&P500 price return. On va donc tracer le ratio entre l’estimation qui utilise les données du S&P 500 price return en € et le LETF d’Amundi entre 2001 et 2024 afin d’estimer la valeur des frais de gestion f qui compense la différence entre le MSCI USA net return et le S&P 500 price return.
On trouve f= -2,4%/ans pour calibrer au mieux la courbe, les frais sont négatifs afin de compenser l’absence de dividende dans le S&P 500 price return.
https://preview.redd.it/z81zo5o7pc2d1.png?width=742&format=png&auto=webp&s=728cc400ce39b1e273e275b2b51a2c14ec52f95c
On peut donc étendre le CL2 jusqu’en 1928 en prenant le S&P 500 price return en $ avec des frais de
-2,4%/ans.
Pour les taux de la banque centrale américaine, j’ai pris la valeur publiée jusqu’en 1954, puis pour la période de 1928 à 1954 j’ai pris la valeur du taux de la FED publiée quotidiennement par le Wall Street Journal et le New York Herald Tribune.
Voici alors le graphique du CL2 en prenant en compte la période 1928-1988 calculé comme spécifié ci-dessus.
https://preview.redd.it/bo6u5vnapc2d1.png?width=720&format=png&auto=webp&s=5c03f145ec1ed16c376a96a6b9f4befcba930f6e
Les valeurs de 1928 à 1999 peuvent drastiquement s’écarter de la réalité car les données utilisées s’appuient sur le dollar et le taux de la FED.

On compare le graphique ci-dessus avec celui du S&P 500 price return en $ (dividendes non pris en compte) sur la période 1928-2024.
https://preview.redd.it/ta9dgy9dpc2d1.png?width=702&format=png&auto=webp&s=81cb1d48701e5ca3dbfd4edc25e8fba927edaab1
La performance est donc médiocre sur le long terme pour un ETF à effet de levier et surperforme légèrement le S&P 500 price return (pas de dividende réinvesti).
Dans le graphique suivant on compare le S&P 500 total return (dividendes bruts réinvestis) et le CL2 reconstruit entre 1988 et 2024.
https://preview.redd.it/iqcgwqyfpc2d1.png?width=745&format=png&auto=webp&s=d6068e10dcf2010a5697075228053c3c445c18de
On remarque que de nouveau on superforme le S&P 500 total return sur la période. Cependant la volatilité est bien plus élevée dans le cas du LETF.

On peut également comparer la performance entre 1988 et 2024 d’un DCA en CL2 et un DCA sur un indice qui réplique le S&P 500 total return. En ordonné on a la valeur multiplicative, par exemple si on avait investi 10€/mois depuis 1988 on en aurait 1000x10€=10 000€ en 2015 ou 100 000€ si on avait investi 100€ par mois 100€x1000.

https://preview.redd.it/jd3wotakpc2d1.png?width=798&format=png&auto=webp&s=8163792877dfe205e5f88d028e9b8164aeefc09f
Au final, le CL2 n’a pas été très performant, il est beaucoup plus volatile que le S&P 500 Total return et sous performe celui-ci pendant de nombreuses années. On peut alors se demander s’il n’y aurait pas un moyen plus intelligent que d’investir uniquement dans du CL2, c’est ce que la partie suivante va tenter d’effectuer.

Conclusion sur la performance du CL2 reconstruit

En conclusion, nous avons pu reconstruire le CL2 sur la période 1928-2024, cependant les hypothèses prises pour les dates antérieures à 1999 ne permettent pas de donner une grande confiance au modèle qui doit donc n’être qu’indicatif sur la période 1928-1999. La période 1999-2024 est quant à elle beaucoup plus fiable et une confiance plus importante peut-être accordé au modèle. La première remarque est que sur du long terme le CL2 n’a pas été catastrophique et n’est pas tombé à zéro, il est donc envisageable dans une stratégie d’investissement long terme. On observe cependant que la performance du CL2 est proche de celle du S&P 500 (voir moins bonne) pour une volatilité bien plus importante. On peut alors se demander si acheter du CL2 est une stratégie intéressante sur le long terme, nous verrons dans la suite un début de réflexion sur une stratégie avec du CL2.

[Dollar Cost Average (DCA) avec un LETF]()

Je tiens à préciser qu’il ne s’agit pas d’un conseil en investissement. Les présentes informations ne constituent ni une recommandation ni une offre d’acheter ou de vendre de quelconques titres ou d’adopter une quelconque stratégie
Après avoir estimé le LETF CL2 d’Amundi jusqu’en 1928, nous pouvons réfléchir à une stratégie de DCA avec un tel ETF.
On a observé que lorsque les taux d’intérêts sont élevés la performance du CL2 est amoindrie. Cette constatation peut mener à la réflexion suivante : Pourquoi ne pas investir dans un LETF quand les taux d’intérêts sont bas ?
L’idée est la suivante si les taux d’intérêts sont bas, on investit le montant de notre DCA dans CL2, si les taux sont trop hauts on investit le montant du DCA dans indice répliquant le S&P 500 Total return.
En d’autres termes, si le taux des intérêts payés par le LETF (le €STR) est inférieur à x%, alors j’investi l’épargne mensuelle sur le CL2, sinon dans un indice qui réplique le S&P 500 Total return en $. Il aurait été possible d’imaginer plein d’autres stratégies comme par exemple vendre du CL2 lorsque les taux sont élevés ou alors acheter un pourcentage de l’épargne mensuelle sur le CL2 en fonction des taux ou encore d’autres stratégies mais ici nous nous pencherons uniquement sur cette stratégie.
Afin de connaître la valeur la plus optimal du taux d’intérêt à partir duquel on investit sur le S&P500 en $, j’ai considéré un DCA mensuelle d’un montant fixe chaque mois entre 1988 et 2024 (Je n’ai pas les données du S&P 500 Total return avant 1988).
J’ai donc effectué plusieurs simulations différentes sur la période 1988-2024 dans lesquels j’ai changé la valeur du taux d’intérêt qui correspond au seuil de déclenchement. Sur chacune des simulations j’ai calculé la moyenne des performances quotidiennes µ et l’écart type des performances quotidiennes 𝜎 du portefeuille. A partir des données de µ et 𝜎, j’ai calculé le ratio 100µ/𝜎. Le ratio 100µ/𝜎 représente la performance µ relativement au risque pris (la volatilité 𝜎). L’objectif est alors de déterminer la valeur du taux d’intérêt pour lequel le ratio est maximisé. Voici les données obtenues :
https://preview.redd.it/mw05iilzpc2d1.png?width=601&format=png&auto=webp&s=8a7ce8b50d2fc7bb1e313e71f2c46f81b9b099b0
Sur le graphique ci-dessus pour un taux d’intérêt inférieur à -0,5%/ans le portefeuille ne possède que du S&P 500 total return, pour un taux d’intérêt supérieure à 10%/ans le portefeuille ne possède que du CL2. On remarque que pour maximiser µ il faut prendre que du CL2 (le gain ne va pas forcément croître à cause du bêta-slippage dont on a parlé avant).
Ce que l’on remarque, c’est que à partir de plus de 2%/ans de taux d’intérêt investir dans le CL2 engendre plus de risque que rapporte de gain. Il semble alors qu’un taux d’intérêt seuil de 2%/an pour investir sur le CL2 fut le plus optimal sur la période 1988-2024. Aujourd’hui 03/05/2024 le coût de l’emprunt et de 4%/ans.
Pour conclure voici le graphique d’un DCA sur le S&P 500 total return et un DCA sur l’algorithme d’écrit plus haut entre 1988 et 2024. En ordonnée on a la valeur multiplicative, par exemple si on avait investi 10€/mois depuis 1988 on en aurait 1000x10€=10 000€ en 2015 ou 100 000€ si on avait investi 100€ par mois 100€x1000.
https://preview.redd.it/uran4803qc2d1.png?width=742&format=png&auto=webp&s=174501bd733a0e1cac17c73673b92c36e6c8fe15
Le principal problème et objection avec le seuil de 2%/ans d’intérêt c’est que notre DCA n’aurait pas acheté de CL2 avant 2009, or depuis 2009 le marché est hautement haussier est le CL2 superforme forcément. Il faut donc vraiment reconsidérer la valeur seuil de 2%/ans trouvée car cette dernière est influencée par le marché haussier des quinze dernières années. En réalité la période 1988-2024 est trop courte pour tirer des conclusions assez fiables.

[Conclusion]()

On a étudié beaucoup d’aspects des LETF allant de leur fonctionnement en passant par la reconstruction d’un LETF et en terminant par un début de réflexion d’une stratégie. Pour conclure, les LETF peuvent se garder sur du long terme et subissent de forte fluctuation, mais il n’y a pas de garantit de battre le marché sur des longues périodes car leur performance est limitée par les intérêts des emprunts. Ces dernières années (depuis 2010 environ) le S&P 500 a de très bonne performance est les taux d’intérêts ont été négatifs ce qui a permis aux LETF d’avoir des performances exceptionnelles. Par conséquent de nombreux investisseurs remarquant les performances passées sur uniquement un horizon de 15ans sont biaisés et risque d’investir sans connaissance suffisante. Le risque est qu’avec des taux d’intérêts plus élevés et un marché baissier un LETF peut-être catastrophique. J’espère alors que la réflexion menée sur les LETF vous a permis de mieux comprendre ces instruments financiers et ainsi d’investir avec une plus grande connaissance. Pour terminer détenir un LETF est très risqué et la performance long terme ne garantit pas de battre le marché, vouloir en posséder c’est être conscient des risques pris.
Ne basez pas une décision sur ce post seul faite votre propre jugement. Je rappelle que je ne suis pas un professionnel de la finance mais un curieux qui a réalisé une étude sur le sujet. Par conséquent, je ne m’engage en rien sur la véracité des propos énoncés. Je rappelle que les performances passées ne préjugent pas des performances futures.

[Documentation]()

Méthodologie calcul des ETF avec levier de MSCI[1] Microsoft Word - MSCI_Short_and_Leveraged_Daily Indexes_Methodology_August2014
submitted by Feeling-Carpenter385 to vosfinances [link] [comments]


2024.05.24 12:10 Feeling-Carpenter385 Partie 1 : ETF à effet de levier : analyse et reconstruction du CL2 de 1928-2024 (une étude encore plus sérieuse)

Partie 1 : ETF à effet de levier : analyse et reconstruction du CL2 de 1928-2024 (une étude encore plus sérieuse)

Mise en contexte

Cette étude a pour objectif d’analyser la performance d’un ETF à effet de levier dans une stratégie de gestion long terme passive « Buy and hold ». Elle fait suite à deux autres études disponibles sur le subreddit vos finances :
· ETF avec levier une mauvaise idée vraiment ???
· Une analyse un peu plus sérieuse des ETF à effet de levier (LETF)
Lors de la première étude dont je suis l’auteur, je n’ai pas pris en compte certains frais dont je parlerais ici plus tard, ce qui a amené un autre contributeur à faire nuancer mon propos via une seconde étude. Cette seconde analyse bien qu’intéressante aurait pu aller plus loin et creuser le sujet plus profondément, c’est ce que je vais tenter d’effectuer ici. Je vais reprendre le sujet des ETF avec effet de levier à zéro, il y aura donc des redites avec les deux postes précédents, pour ceux qui ont lu tout ou partie des deux postes peuvent sauter les parties qui vont les traiter.
Je n'ai pas la place de tout mettre en 1 seul post j'en ferai plusieurs voici la liste des postes qui traitent de l'étude :

Introduction

Tout d’abord, je tiens à préciser qu’il ne s’agit pas d’un conseil en investissement. Les présentes informations ne constituent ni une recommandation ni une offre d’acheter ou de vendre de quelconques titres ou d’adopter une quelconque stratégie. La véracité des informations devra être vérifiée par le lecteur, je ne m’engage en rien. Tout lecteur doit former sa propre opinion via des recherches plus approfondies. Je ne suis pas un professionnel de la finance, mais juste un curieux. Ce texte ne remplace pas les conseils que peut fournir un conseiller financier. Il se peut que les hypothèses prises ne reflètent pas la réalité des choses. Le lecteur devra confronter plusieurs sources d’informations avant de prendre une quelconque décision. Enfin, je rappelle que les performances passées ne préjugent pas des performances futures.
On entend beaucoup de critiques positives comme négatives sur les ETF qui répliquent les grands indices boursiers comme le S&P500, le Nasdaq ou le CAC40 avec des effets de leviers pour investir sur le long terme. Voici quelques citations :
Négatives :
· « Ces ETFs ne sont pas du tout fait pour être gardés très longtemps parce qu'ils perdent vite de leur valeur »
· « Il est recommandé d’utiliser ces ETF sur une courte période »,
· « Les ETF à effet de levier incarnent le pire de la finance moderne »
Positives :
· « 250k€ dont ~200k€ dans le PEA, quasi-full LQQ » (LQQ =levier de 2 sur Nasdaq)
· « Quant au beta slippage introduit par le reset du levier, je mise […] donc au final un beta slippage bénéfique »
· « PEA à 65 000 € investi à 70% en CW8 et 30% en CL2 »

Toutes ces critiques donnent des avis optimistes ou pessimistes sur les ETF avec effet de levier, on peut alors être perdue sur le jugement à adopter. Dans cette étude on va alors analyser les ETF à effet de levier afin de mieux savoir dans quelle mesure ces derniers performent sur le long terme.
Dans un premier temps nous présenterons succinctement les ETF à effet de levier ou LETF. Puis nous analyserons ce qu’est le Bêta-Slippage et comment le quantifier. Ensuite nous nous pencherons sur le frais « caché » du coût de l’emprunt. Puis avec ces aspects nous tenterons de modéliser la performance théorique d’un ETF à effet de levier depuis 1928. Enfin, nous évoquerons une stratégie sur les ETF avec du Levier.

Présentation d’un ETF à effet de levier

Un ETF à effet de levier journalier ou LETF pour (Leveraged ETF) consiste à répliquer, par un effet de levier L (souvent x2 ou x3), la performance journalière du sous-jacent. Par exemple, si l’indice sous-jacent perd 2% dans une journée, l’ETF de levier 3 fera -2%x3=-6%. Il existe de nombreux leviers différents, positifs mais également négatifs.
Cependant afin de pouvoir réaliser le levier les émetteurs d’ETF utilisent des instruments financiers ou émettent des emprunts. Ces deux méthodes pour obtenir le levier ont des frais important, il s’agit des intérêts de l’emprunt ou des frais sur les instruments financiers. En plus de ces frais peuvent s’ajouter des frais de reset quotidien du levier pour les ETF à réplication synthétique. Nous allons dans la suite quantifier ces deux frais pour un ETF à effet de levier.
Enfin ces frais d’emprunt et de réplication n’apparaissent pas dans le DIC de l’émetteur de l’ETF car ils sont soit intégrés dans le calcul de l’indice répliqué (pour le coût de l’emprunt) soit dans le tracking error (pour le coût de réplication). Il n’apparaît alors que les frais de gestions dans le DIC.

Le beta slippage ou l’écart de performance

Une première compréhension du beta slippage

A première vue, on peut considérer que ces ETF surperforment car ils multiplient la performance d’indices qui montent sur le long terme. Donc si le S&P 500 monte en 10ans l’ETF avec levier devrait faire mieux car un levier lui est appliqué. Sauf que c’est un petit peu plus compliqué à cause de ce que l’on appelle le bêta-slippage (un vilain mot pour un concept simple).
Le levier étant quotidien, il est remis à zéro tous les jours. Donc sur une journée la performance minorée des coûts d’emprunts est doublée pour un levier de 2. Mais sur une longue période, le résultat n’est pas nécessairement doublé. C’est ce phénomène que l’on nomme bêta-slippage.
Par exemple si un indice part de 100 qu’il perd -10% la première journée puis en regagne 11,1% la seconde journée il aura donc une valeur de 100*0.9*1.111=100 au bout des deux jours de cotations. Donc 0% en deux jours.
Tandis qu’avec un levier de 2 l’ETF part de 100 perd 20% puis regagne 22,2%. Il a donc une valeur de 100*0.8*1.222=97.7 en deux jours. Donc une sous performance de 2.3%.
L’avis général est alors de penser que cet effet de bêta-slippage va forcément ruiner l’investissement sur le long terme. C’est une erreur car même sans levier il y a un beta slippage, dans notre exemple l’indice après avoir perdu 10% doit regagner 11,1% pour revenir à 100 et non 10%, c’est cet écart de performance pour regagner ce qui est perdu qu’on appelle bêta-slippage. Le principal problème avec le levier est que cette différence est plus importante 22,2%-20%=2,22% contre 11,1%-10%=1,11%. L’argument du beta slippage s’applique également à l’indice sans levier (ou alors de levier 1). Affirmer que c’est uniquement à cause du bêta-slippage que l’ETF avec levier sous performe sur le long terme est donc faux car même sans levier les indices ont du beta slippage.

Quantifier le beta slippage sur le long terme

Si on réfléchit plus loin cette différence est liée à l’écart entre les moyennes géométrique et arithmétique. La moyenne arithmétique est la moyenne des performances journalières. Tandis que la moyenne géométrique est le gain moyen qu’il aurait fallu chaque jour pour avoir notre gain final.
C’est-à-dire que pour l’indice sans levier, dans notre exemple,
la performance arithmétique journalière est de (−10+11.1) /2 = 0.55% , tandis que la performance vrai (moyenne géométrique) est (100 × 0.9 × 1.11) ^ 1/2 − 100 = 0
Pour l’ETF avec un levier :
la performance arithmétique journalière est de −20+22.2/ 2 = 1.11%, tandis que la performance vrai (moyenne géométrique) est (100 × 0.8 × 1.222) ^ 1/2 − 100 = −1.11%
La différence entre ces deux moyennes c’est le bêta-slippage: 0.55%-0=0.55% dans notre premier cas et 1.11%-(-1.11%)=2.22% dans notre second cas. On remarque alors que pour le levier de 2, cet écart est supérieur à 2 fois celui sans levier ; en effet l’écart entre les moyennes est proportionnel au carré du levier. C’est au final exactement ça le risque avec un levier c’est qu’il multiplie le beta slippage par le carré du levier.
Allons on approche du but, continuons un peu avec cette histoire de moyenne. On pose la performance du jour i, n la durée de l’investissement.
N’ayez pas peur des formules elles sont simples, voici la moyenne arithmétique
https://preview.redd.it/csu3833jic2d1.png?width=124&format=png&auto=webp&s=149136ecb242d0f78e3bcdfeab9f8e08bbdb3b21
Et la moyenne géométrique :
https://preview.redd.it/ruj4e7goic2d1.png?width=315&format=png&auto=webp&s=d627d8a539c079a082c3afe8de5d0a294e4ebe9c
Pour résumer la moyenne arithmétique est la moyenne que nous connaissons tous, celle des valeurs des performances journalières. La moyenne géométrique est celle qui nous intéresse car mise à la puissance de la durée de l’investissement c’est notre gain.
Un ETF à effet de levier L multiplie donc la moyenne arithmétique, en effet chaque 𝑥𝑖 vaut 𝐿 × 𝑥𝑖 , et on a donc
https://preview.redd.it/vuwprp21jc2d1.png?width=124&format=png&auto=webp&s=bc9544cdd3df87ad0ca3be9ae16cb494f9eaa51e
Mais ne multiplie pas forcément notre gain
https://preview.redd.it/opxzz4x4jc2d1.png?width=228&format=png&auto=webp&s=84f2cf31a50d4a4220d209568bced203a3b0c75c
Le risques des ETF avec du levier est donc qu’ils multiplient la moyenne arithmétique par le levier mais pas la moyenne géométrique qui représente le gain.
Si on prend l’hypothèse que 𝑥𝑖 suit une loi Normal de moyenne 𝜇 (la moyenne arithmétique des performances journalières) et d’écart type 𝜎 (on vérifiera l’hypothèse de loi normal dans la suite). En vous épargnant les calculs, la relation entre la moyenne arithmétique 𝑀𝑎 = 𝜇 et la moyenne géométrique 𝑀𝑔 est :
https://preview.redd.it/eji7373ajc2d1.png?width=187&format=png&auto=webp&s=eefc76cc1d8633aa2cf7c8024b147c2f086a7c57
Pour ceux qui veulent refaire les calculs le bas de la page Wikipédia sur l’inégalité de Jensen présente une démonstration de l’égalité, j’ai ensuite effectué un développement limité de Taylor à l’ordre deux de l’égalité afin d’obtenir cette formule.
Cependant, afin de pouvoir réaliser un effet de levier L, les émetteurs d’ETF doivent effectuer un emprunt et payer des intérêts sur l’emprunt, ce qui implique une baisse de la performance quotidienne. Ces coûts d’emprunt sont également inclus dans le calcul de l’indice que réplique l’ETF. Ainsi la performance quotidienne d’un indice avec levier n’ai pas 𝐿𝜇, mais 𝐿𝜇 − 𝑟 avec r le coût des intérêts de l’emprunt quotidien.
Dans le cas de l’indice MSCI USA leveraged 2 d’après la documentation de MSCI [1] le levier quotidien n’est pas 𝐿𝜇, mais vaut :
https://preview.redd.it/fkoblophjc2d1.png?width=208&format=png&auto=webp&s=4a7e29e60f9ec52a8882df33f28a7fa7a88c7a6e
Avec :
T : le nombre de jours calendaire entre deux dates de cotation successives.
R : Le coûts d’emprunt sans risque du jour au lendemain (€STR depuis 2021 et EONIA avant)
Dans la suite je note donc 𝑟 = (𝐿 − 1) × 𝑅 × 𝑇 /360
Les taux €STR et EONIA correspondent aux intérêts que paye une banque qui décide d’effectuer un emprunt en euros sur une durée de une journée à une autre banque. EONIA a été remplacé par €STR depuis 2021 et les deux taux sont très liés aux taux de la banque central Européenne (BCE). Le €STR a été annualisé, il faut donc le diviser par 360 pour connaître l’intérêt payé sur une journée (mathématiquement il faudrait prendre la racine 360ième, mais les banquiers calculent en divisant par 360). Aujourd’hui le (29 avril 2024) le taux €STR est de 3.90%.
On a alors pour un effet de levier L , 𝜇 devient 𝐿𝜇 − 𝑟 et 𝜎² devient 𝐿²𝜎², on a donc :
https://preview.redd.it/530gfv2sjc2d1.png?width=261&format=png&auto=webp&s=4301d4b64199f8b7e96eef38ca0134a1bb2b710b
Le beta slippage est le second terme dans l’expression devant le moins
https://preview.redd.it/jhcjrazujc2d1.png?width=85&format=png&auto=webp&s=b67af446acbb048f748c29891999b31e9a3909bc
On remarque qu’il est proportionnel au carré du levier comme mentionné précédemment dans notre exemple.
Cette formule nous indique une relation fondamentale, ce n’est pas parce que la performance journalière moyenne µ est bonne que le levier booste d’autant nos gains, encore faut-t-il que le coût de l’emprunt r soit faible.
Cependant plus la volatilité est élevée plus les gains sont détériorés, de manière proportionnelle au carré du levier. Il est donc plus intéressant d’avoir un levier sur des indices avec une performance journalière moyenne élevée, une volatilité faible et un coût de l’emprunt faible.
Il faut en réalité prendre du levier sur des ETF qui maximisent le rapport 𝜇−𝑟/𝜎² e rapport apporte quelque chose de plus que le sharp ratio 𝜇−𝑟/𝜎 (ratio qui mesure le gain 𝜇 − 𝑟 fasse au risque pris 𝜎 ) car il donne le meilleure gain possible en fonction du risque dans le cas d’ETF à effet de levier. Cela explique pourquoi du levier sur des actions individuelles est une mauvaise idée même si 𝜇 − 𝑟 a des chances d’être plus important, la volatilité 𝜎 d’une action unique est trop grande, il faut privilégier les indices.
Enfin dernière remarque prendre dans un portefeuille moitié d’un indice sans levier et moitié de l’indice avec un levier de 2 ne simulera pas une performance avec un levier de 1.5, car le terme du bêta-slippage n’ai pas proportionnel au levier mais au carré du levier. On a donc dans le cas précédent multiplié le bêta-slippage par 2²+1² /2 = 2.5 pour le portefeuille moitié-moitié est 1.5²=1.25 pour celui uniquement constitué avec un levier de 1.5. Le seul moyen d’avoir un levier vrai de 1.5 est d’arbitrer quotidiennement son portefeuille pour maintenir le ratio de 1.5. Cet arbitrage est lourd en frais divers (frais de courtage et différence entre le bid et le ask).
On remarque également que le levier qui maximise 𝑀𝑔 semble être 𝐿 = (𝜇 − 𝑟)/𝜎². On conclut donc que plus un indice de référence à un 𝜎 élevé c’est-à-dire une volatilité élevée moins la performance est bonne (moyenne géométrique). Enfin malgré ce que j’ai pu lire, non il n’existe pas de beta slippage bénéfique car la valeur du beta slippage est nécessairement négative.

L’hypothèse de loi normal

Avant de voir des aspects plus pratique sur les indices boursiers avec du levier, nous allons vérifier si notre hypothèse de loi normal est notre égalité évoqué ci-dessus est correcte dans la pratique. Sur le graphe ci-dessous le coût de l’emprunt r a été négligé et vaut 0, cette approximation est justifiée car l’objectif du graphique est de prouver l’hypothèse de loi normal pas d’estimer le gain d’un tel indice.
Sur le graphique les données du S&P 500 price return (dividendes non réinvesties) ont été considérées et un levier de 2 (sans frais r=0) a été appliqué. Les moyennes sur le graphique, sont des moyennes sur 10 années passées glissantes, c’est-à-dire que la moyenne en 1978 reflète la valeur moyenne entre 1968 et 1978.
https://preview.redd.it/dnaeayomkc2d1.png?width=733&format=png&auto=webp&s=a06aa2b7637df29c86d909f61730f9a58d33ef52
En bleu il s’agit du beta slippage
https://preview.redd.it/d9jonc7ukc2d1.png?width=94&format=png&auto=webp&s=f1b15b1d5a6b6238d4a8c9e86593b38a23266734
,𝜎 et 𝜇 sont estimés en prenant la moyenne des valeurs des 10 années précédant la date. En orange le gain annualisé moyen réel sur 10ans et en gris l’estimation grâce à la formule.
https://preview.redd.it/d2mke0yxkc2d1.png?width=189&format=png&auto=webp&s=d420b5be1184942b00c0f4122f51f1b957b0748f
On remarque que les deux courbes grise et orange sont superposées l’une sur l’autre cela permet de vérifier la véracité de nos hypothèses et de la théorie derrière. On en conclut que l’hypothèse de loi normal dans la quantification du bêta-slippage est correct sur un marché tel que le S&P 500. Pour d’autre marché cette hypothèse de loi normal peut ne pas être correcte, elle est donc à vérifier.
L'équation
https://preview.redd.it/okbnum21lc2d1.png?width=259&format=png&auto=webp&s=4bb0b3dd4763b36d15fdcaed1581d30726d25760
est donc une estimation correcte de la réalité (prendre en compte le coût de l’emprunt r ne remet pas en cause l’hypothèse de normalité). On peut alors penser que la solution est alors simple il suffit de prendre pour levier 𝐿 = 𝜇−𝑟/𝜎2 pour maximiser les gains. Oui, c’est vrai à condition de connaître 𝜇, 𝜎 𝑒𝑡 𝑟 moyen du S&P 500 dans le futurs. Or voici, le graphe de 𝜇 𝑒𝑡 𝜎 moyen du S&P 500 sans levier sur 10 ans glissants.
https://preview.redd.it/h024hq68lc2d1.png?width=855&format=png&auto=webp&s=c38b7aced1095acee0db03540fbac07936651319
Et voici le graphe des taux d’intérêts de la FED dont r est très lié sur la période 1954 -2024.
https://preview.redd.it/esvur11blc2d1.png?width=799&format=png&auto=webp&s=4c95beff5ffa73c2c6d70c0e004d91752b68377d
On remarque alors que connaître 𝜇, 𝜎 𝑒𝑡 𝑟 à l’avance est difficile malgré qu’il semble y avoir des cycles. La théorie donne donc une bonne estimation du levier optimal qui aurait fallu avoir connaissant 𝜇, 𝜎 𝑒𝑡 𝑟, mais ne permet pas de connaître à l’avance le levier qui rapportera le plus.

Le beta slippage en résumé

En résumer le bêta slippage est facile à estimer pour une période donnée et vaut:
https://preview.redd.it/6s438wahlc2d1.png?width=118&format=png&auto=webp&s=c3ff7bc43f0d3944f11dd92e2a8495cea560346e
Le beta slippage est également présent quand L vaut 1 c’est-à-dire sans levier. On en déduit donc que le bêta slippage n’est pas la preuve qu’un LETF perdra forcément de la valeur dans le temps car qui il est présent dans tous les indices boursiers. Enfin, il n’existe pas de bêta slippage bénéfique comme on peut le lire car la valeur est forcément négative, l’objectif est alors de compenser la valeur du bêtaslippage par l’augmentation de la performance moyenne (𝐿𝜇 − 𝑟). Cette performance moyenne est diminuée des coûts d’emprunt, nous allons voir dans la suite l’influence qu’ils ont sur un LETF.

Le "frais caché" du coût de l’emprunt

Comme mentionné précédemment le rendement d’un LETF dans le temps vaut :
https://preview.redd.it/j3eqzn8nlc2d1.png?width=484&format=png&auto=webp&s=a9af3ddb64fcd1525bcea4f78497c54366606e3c
On remarque que l’on a une forme quasi quadratique en L, on va donc tracer le gain Mg en fonction de L pour des valeurs de R différente.
https://preview.redd.it/616g4qoqlc2d1.png?width=793&format=png&auto=webp&s=9a938a646373ee2238a9490f2f6942b4e4bac36a
Sur le graphique toutes les courbes passent par le même point de levier 1, en effet ce point représente l’indice sans levier et n’a par conséquent pas de frais lié à l’emprunt. De plus pour R=0 j’ai tracé le rendement vrai et celui estimé afin d’encore une fois prouver que l’hypothèse de loi normal sur le S&P 500 est valable. On peut voir que sur la période si les frais d’emprunts étaient nul alors un levier de 3 aurait été le plus bénéfique. Cependant pour des intérêts sur l’emprunt de 4%/ans, un levier de 2 à quasiment la même performance que sans levier (aujourd’hui le €STR vaut en gros 4%). Enfin un levier de 3 fut une mauvaise idée sur de nombreux taux d’intérêts différents. Ce graphique montre un résumé de la performance de différents indices sur le S&P 500 avec du levier selon le taux d’intérêt de l’emprunt. Cependant, nous n’avons pas la performance d’un LETF sur le temps dans le détail. La partie suivante s’attachera donc à construire la performance d’un tel LETF.

Performance du CL2 de 1928 à 2024

Introduction

Dans cette partie, je vais m’attacher à reproduire la performance du CL2 entre 1928 et 2024 et expliquer les hypothèses prises pour reconstruire cette performance. Premièrement le CL2 est un ETF d’Amundi qui tente de répliquer avec un levier de 2 l’indice MSCI USA. MSCI USA est un indice qui regroupe les 610 plus grosses capitalisations américaines, il est donc très proche du S&P 500.

De 2014 à 2024

Pour cette intervalle de temps reconstruire le LETF d’Amundi est simple car nous avons les valeurs de l’ETF sur cette période donnée sur le site d’Amundi.
Voici alors le graphique sur la période concernée :
https://preview.redd.it/xf9ecraulc2d1.png?width=610&format=png&auto=webp&s=252c46550388ca7519e5633166cf25ab0bd3fdb8

De ce graphique on peut en réalité extraire les coûts des intérêts que Amundi paye pour pouvoir effectuer son levier, en effet d’après l’égalité :
https://preview.redd.it/saj2fxuwlc2d1.png?width=204&format=png&auto=webp&s=e45e61eadd17cbb41cd0c33bc7977d9ae09dfa88
Avec 𝜇𝐿𝐸𝑇𝐹 la performance journalière vrai du LETF et 𝜇 celle de l’indice MSCI USA On retrouve R en posant :
https://preview.redd.it/gbuf9gk0mc2d1.png?width=204&format=png&auto=webp&s=4cf51f7e2c73036a2c0a6ec5fdd355c760537324
On obtient alors :
La suite dans un poste suivant car j'ai saturé ce que je peux mettre en 1 seul post
Partie 2
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2024.05.24 06:04 IkutoTsukiyomi O conceito de estrategia

Bom noite senhoritos e senhoritas, Tenho visto muita gente nova começando a investir esses dias e praticamente ter os mesmos problemas. Parece algo simples mas muitas pessoas investem sem nenhuma estrategia ou método e isso tende a causar problemas básicos. Uma estratégia de investimento é um conjunto de regras, comportamentos e procedimentos projetados para orientar a seleção de uma carteira de investimentos. Essencialmente, é um plano sistemático para alcançar seus objetivos financeiros, seja para curto, médio ou longo prazo. Primeiro de tudo se deve definir porcentagens; exemplo

30% fiis, 30% ações, 30% renda fixa, 10% fica de caixa / reserva de emergência. Nesse modelo a volatilidade e bem pequena, quase não se tem quedas bruscas (contanto que as ações não sejam ruins)

40% ações, 40fiis, 20% caixa / reserva de emergência; Aqui e mais simples, você tem bastante caixa pra investir no que for melhor... Basicamente da pra pegar boas oportunidades

40% ETFs e 40% ações e 20% caixa / reserva; Boa opção pra crescimento com uma bom fluxo de caixa e uma reserva alta pra eventuais oportunidades ou problemas.

30% ações, 30% fiis e 30% ações internacionais com 10% de caixa / reserva; Aqui e o balanceamento internacional, otimo pra quem pretende pegar oportunidades fora do Brasil.

100% ETFs (estrategia mais comum dos Boogleheads) Aqui funciona com ETFs de renda fixa e globais combinados, a carteira e 100% neutra e não vai depender de escolhas do dono em si.

1 ETF sobre todos os ETFs

Aqui e a estrategia suprema de investir no mundo inteiro usando apenas um ETF "VT". (WRLD11 no BR) Aqui você literalmente investe em apenas um ETF e vai viver a vida ao invés de reclamar no grupo.

Depois de decidir a porcentagem você vai precisar criar regras pra os seus investimentos... Assim você vai evitar de comprar coisas duvidosas. Essas regras são pessoais então eu vou adicionar algumas das "minhas" regras que normalmente uso pra escolher ações.

° Para serem escolhidos pra carteira os ativos precisam ter rentabilidade competitiva com o S&P500 (serve pra ações e ETFs)

° As ações precisam ter lucros crescentes

° Ações precisam estar em setores seguros da economia

° Ações não podem estar em setores cíclicos ou ter histórico de variações bruscas.

° A quantidade de ativos brasileiros não pode passar de 10, ativos internacionais não podem passar de 10.

° Ações internacionais precisam apresentar crescimento consistente em prazos de 10 anos

° Reits precisam apresentar um crescimento de dividendos de no minimo 5 anos. (Não confundir com yeld)

° ETFs não podem exceder a quantidade de 3.

° ETFs precisam ter a quantidade mínima de 30% da carteira.

° Fundos imobiliários não podem exceder a quantidade de 2.

° Fundos imobiliários só podem ser do tipo Fofs com taxas a baixo de 0.50% ao ano.

° Fundos imobiliários não podem exceder 30% da carteira.

°10% de caixa ou reserva de emergência e obrigatório podendo chegar a 20%.

° Dividendos ficam na reserva de emergência.

° Reserva de emergência pode ser usada como reserva de oportunidade.

° Vendas de ativos apenas se ele não se encaixar na estrategia de investimento.

Depois de decidir a sua estrategia e recomendado que o investidor pare de (fazer besteira) escolher os ativos e siga apenas as regras de investimento. Não existe emoção ou apego, apenas gerenciamento das regras... Ela impede empresas ruins e deixa a lista de empresas boas livres evitando problemas. Claro que são minhas regras, eu levei menos de 2 minutos pra escrever mas vocês podem fazer suas próprias regras. Evidentemente eu não foco em dividendos e praticamente 70% da minha carteira funciona passivamente (apesar disso não ser uma regra). Minha estrategia de investimentos busca vencer o S&P 500, sinceramente tenho tido resultados muito bons e quero frisar a importância da estrategia. Então, vocês já tem suas estrategias de investimentos? Inclusive existe um grupo pra galera que ta começando falar sobre estrategias e ativos no geral... Caso se interessarem em conhecer ou pedir alguma dica. https://chat.whatsapp.com/IdO9ziwGQvB3OQGbpmpgGf
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2024.05.23 02:51 EvergreenLiveOak US Total Market ETF Ranking (May Update)

US Total Market ETF Ranking (May Update)
I did some research by pulling a list of US Total Market ETFs from ETF.com and gathering data from the Alpha Vantage API. I then calculate Trailing Twelve Month Total Return and Trailing Five Year Total Return and sort my results. Below is the May update showing the top 25. SPY is added to the ranking to provide a comparison to the S&P 500.
Please note that I removed the Leveraged ETF’s from the list.
Thirteen (13) ETFs beat the S&P500 ETF (SPY).
TMFC (Motley Fool 100 Index ETF)
SYLD (Cambria Shareholder Yield ETF)
ONEQ (Fidelity NASDAQ Composite Index ETF)
WOMN (Impact Shares YWCA Women's Empowerment ETF)
USSG (Xtrackers MSCI USA ESG Leaders Equity ETF)
NACP (Impact Shares NAACP Minority Empowerment ETF)
PEXL (Pacer U.S. Export Leaders ETF)
QMOM (Alpha Architect U.S. Quantitative Momentum ETF)
DSI (IShares MSCI KLD 400 Social ETF)
PBUS (Invesco MSCI USA ETF)
MOAT (VanEck Morningstar Wide Moat ETF)
VFMO (Vanguard U.S. Momentum Factor ETF)
CWS (AdvisorShares Focused Equity ETF)
US Total Market ETF Ranking (May Update)
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2024.05.23 02:50 EvergreenLiveOak US Total Market ETF Ranking (May Update)

US Total Market ETF Ranking (May Update)
I did some research by pulling a list of US Total Market ETFs from ETF.com and gathering data from the Alpha Vantage API. I then calculate Trailing Twelve Month Total Return and Trailing Five Year Total Return and sort my results. Below is the May update showing the top 25. SPY is added to the ranking to provide a comparison to the S&P 500.
Please note that I removed the Leveraged ETF’s from the list.
Thirteen (13) ETFs beat the S&P500 ETF (SPY).
TMFC (Motley Fool 100 Index ETF)
SYLD (Cambria Shareholder Yield ETF)
ONEQ (Fidelity NASDAQ Composite Index ETF)
WOMN (Impact Shares YWCA Women's Empowerment ETF)
USSG (Xtrackers MSCI USA ESG Leaders Equity ETF)
NACP (Impact Shares NAACP Minority Empowerment ETF)
PEXL (Pacer U.S. Export Leaders ETF)
QMOM (Alpha Architect U.S. Quantitative Momentum ETF)
DSI (IShares MSCI KLD 400 Social ETF)
PBUS (Invesco MSCI USA ETF)
MOAT (VanEck Morningstar Wide Moat ETF)
VFMO (Vanguard U.S. Momentum Factor ETF)
CWS (AdvisorShares Focused Equity ETF)
US Total Market ETF Ranking (May Update)
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2024.05.15 13:45 Jensinox Create and compare an index, with missing data and different dates

Hello everyone,
I would like to create an index as part of my master's thesis. I have downloaded the transaction data from various whisky bottles.
Now I am faced with the problem that these should be converted into the same format as the S&P 500.
In other words, I want a percentage change in the value for each day (except weekends, as with the S&P500), but some of the values are several weeks apart. How can I add all the missing days and specify a percentage change for these days?
I have the data like this:
16/03/2013 € 903.00
01/10/2013 € 1,130.00
22/03/2014 € 1,380.00
30/04/2016 € 2,010.00
01/04/2017 € 2,860.00
01/08/2017 € 3,465.40
06/01/2018 € 3,162.00
08/01/2018 € 3,100.85
13/03/2018 € 2,931.38
10/04/2018 € 2,747.41
07/05/2018 € 2,952.27
02/07/2018 € 3,000.44
05/11/2018 € 3,263.72
04/04/2020 € 2,480.50
04/04/2022 € 4,602.58
07/11/2022 € 4,487.37
I would like to have the data like this (example):
24/10/2005 € 1,199.38 -0.24%
25/10/2005 € 1,196.54 -0.43%
26/10/2005 € 1,191.38 -1.05%
27/10/2005 € 1,178.90 1.65%
28/10/2005 € 1,198.41 0.72%
31/10/2005 € 1,207.01 -0.35%
01/11/2005 € 1,202.76 1.00%
02/11/2005 € 1,214.76 0.43%
03/11/2005 € 1,219.94 0.02%
04/11/2005 € 1,220.14 0.22%
07/11/2005 € 1,222.81 -0.35%
08/11/2005 € 1,218.59 0.17%
09/11/2005 € 1,220.65 0.84%
10/11/2005 € 1,230.96 0.31%
11/11/2005 € 1,234.72 -0.08%
14/11/2005 € 1,233.76 -0.39%
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2024.05.13 03:52 EvergreenLiveOak Large Cap Blend ETF Ranking (May Update)

Large Cap Blend ETF Ranking (May Update)
I did some research by pulling a list of Large Cap (Blend) ETFs from ETF.com and gathering data from the Alpha Vantage API. I then calculate Trailing Twelve Month Total Return and Trailing Five Year Total Return and sort my results. Below is the May update. SPY and QQQ are considered Large Cap (Blend) by ETF.com. This automatically provides a comparison to the S&P 500 and Nasdaq, respectively.
Please note that I removed the Leveraged ETF’s from the list.
21 Large Cap Blend ETF’s beat the S&P500. None beat the Nasdaq.
  • SPMO (Invesco S&P 500 Momentum ETF)
  • COWZ (Pacer U.S. Cash Cows 100 ETF)
  • XLG (Invesco S&P 500 Top 50 ETF)
  • DSTL (Distillate U.S. Fundamental Stability & Value ETF)
  • SPHB (Invesco S&P 500 High Beta ETF)
  • IUS (Invesco RAFI Strategic US ETF)
  • OEF (IShares S&P 100 ETF)
  • SPGP (Invesco S&P 500 GARP ETF)
  • IWL (IShares Russell Top 200 ETF)
  • SPXN (ProShares S&P 500 Ex-Financials ETF)
  • PTNQ (Pacer Trendpilot 100 ETF)
  • MGC (Vanguard Mega Cap ETF)
  • OMFL (Invesco Russell 1000 Dynamic Multifactor ETF)
  • SPHQ (Invesco S&P 500 Quality ETF)
  • HTUS (Hull Tactical US ETF)
  • SPXV (ProShares S&P 500 Ex-Health Care ETF)
  • LEAD (Siren DIVCON Leaders Dividend ETF)
  • JQUA (JPMorgan U.S. Quality Factor ETF)
  • JMOM (JPMorgan U.S. Momentum Factor ETF)
  • USMC (Principal U.S. Mega-Cap ETF)
  • QARP (Xtrackers Russell 1000 US Quality At A Reasonable Price ETF)
Large Cap Blend ETF TFY Total Return Ranking
https://open.substack.com/pub/evergreenliveoak/p/large-cap-blend-etf-ranking-may-update?r=kfq8f&utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web
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2024.05.13 03:50 EvergreenLiveOak Large Cap Blend ETF Ranking (May Update)

Large Cap Blend ETF Ranking (May Update)
I did some research by pulling a list of Large Cap (Blend) ETFs from ETF.com and gathering data from the Alpha Vantage API. I then calculate Trailing Twelve Month Total Return and Trailing Five Year Total Return and sort my results. Below is the May update. SPY and QQQ are considered Large Cap (Blend) by ETF.com. This automatically provides a comparison to the S&P 500 and Nasdaq, respectively.
Please note that I removed the Leveraged ETF’s from the list.
21 Large Cap Blend ETF’s beat the S&P500. None beat the Nasdaq.
  • SPMO (Invesco S&P 500 Momentum ETF)
  • COWZ (Pacer U.S. Cash Cows 100 ETF)
  • XLG (Invesco S&P 500 Top 50 ETF)
  • DSTL (Distillate U.S. Fundamental Stability & Value ETF)
  • SPHB (Invesco S&P 500 High Beta ETF)
  • IUS (Invesco RAFI Strategic US ETF)
  • OEF (IShares S&P 100 ETF)
  • SPGP (Invesco S&P 500 GARP ETF)
  • IWL (IShares Russell Top 200 ETF)
  • SPXN (ProShares S&P 500 Ex-Financials ETF)
  • PTNQ (Pacer Trendpilot 100 ETF)
  • MGC (Vanguard Mega Cap ETF)
  • OMFL (Invesco Russell 1000 Dynamic Multifactor ETF)
  • SPHQ (Invesco S&P 500 Quality ETF)
  • HTUS (Hull Tactical US ETF)
  • SPXV (ProShares S&P 500 Ex-Health Care ETF)
  • LEAD (Siren DIVCON Leaders Dividend ETF)
  • JQUA (JPMorgan U.S. Quality Factor ETF)
  • JMOM (JPMorgan U.S. Momentum Factor ETF)
  • USMC (Principal U.S. Mega-Cap ETF)
  • QARP (Xtrackers Russell 1000 US Quality At A Reasonable Price ETF)
Large Cap Blend ETF TFY Total Return Ranking
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2024.05.11 05:12 gecko927 My rant about Scott Galloway's TED talk about how the US is destroying young people's future

DISCLAIMER: I'd like to note that I do not consider myself an expert on many of the topics he talks about or even economics in general but a lot of what I'm about to say is pretty easily verifiable and basic, and I'll try to be clear that I'm expressing my opinion and not fact when I'm doing so. Given my lack of expertise, none of what I say here should be considered as the final authority on these topics, it's a reddit post for fucks sake, I encourage everyone to search up the relevant data and information on the topics they are interested in or claims they find dubious. It's really not that hard and all the links and data I'm gonna cite here took me less than five minutes to find for each piece of information. If you're not familiar with where to find this data it might take you longer but I promise that anyone with access to the internet can do the same thing I'm doing. Finally, for those looking for some opinionless, academic argument, that's not what this is, this is gonna sound like a rant because it is, I'm posting this for nothing more than my own satisfaction, take from it what you will.
Ok I'm writing this after I finished the whole thing and I said that I'd try to be clear that I'm expressing my opinion and not fact when I'm doing so and the basically entire second half of this is my opinion and I don't make that very clear so sorry about that.
Honestly I'd love to be wrong because I really do think that younger people are at a disadvantage compared to previous generations at the same age but the arguments he makes and the data he uses throughout his talk just sound like such bullshit to me.
https://www.ted.com/talks/scott\_galloway\_how\_the\_us\_is\_destroying\_young\_people\_s\_future?
https://www.profgalloway.com/war-on-the-young/
Scott Galloway recently did a Ted talk titled "How the US is destroying young people's future", as well as an accompanying blog post. He's made some fair points about how young people have been put at an inherent disadvantage and that they have it harder than previous generations. That's most likely true and I personally support that point of view, but the a lot data and numbers he makes this argument with seem to be cherry picked, misleading, or just straight up wrong. So let's break his talk down. u/JustTaxLandLol made a pretty good post about him comparing median wages to the S&P500 (https://www.reddit.com/badeconomics/comments/1cc3rs8/scott\_galloway\_compares\_median\_wage\_to\_sp500/) but I think that Galloway's mistakes are much more comprehensive than just that particular slide.
The first slide with data makes a claim about how pre-tax income, adjusted for inflation, has decreased across generations from grandparents to parents to kids, and that cost of public colleges and home prices have increased significantly across generations too. First of all, categorising generations by whether they have children or grandchildren is kinda nuts. That's a very wide, overlapping, range of ages. If he has actually fixed age ranges for each generation that don't overlap and just made these categorisations for the sake of understandability to a nonacademic audience, I still think that's the wrong choice but fine. However, his claim that real income has decreased across generations is weak at best. This working paper (https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/feds/files/2024007pap.pdf) from the Fed Reserve was published February 2024, and from the figures that start at page 35, shows that by almost every categorisation they could think of, GenZ earns more at the same age than every previous generation before them. There's some conflict here with Raj Chetty's work but I don't have the time or knowledge to reconcile the two perspectives but at best, the pre-tax income numbers Galloway presents are questionable at best. Furthermore, he doesn't provide anyone a chance at even checking the sources he gets this information from. Not once in his entire talk does he cite a single source. He couldn't even have some tiny text at the bottom of his tables or diagrams saying what organisation he got this data from. Ok so that crossed out bit is wrong, he does have sources they're just very very faint and you can see them if you squint hard enough at the bottom left corner of his graphs. But the source he gives for this slide is a joke. Here's the link https://www.profgalloway.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Table-01.png
His "source" is his own analysis. Ok so by his analysis, the average cost of public college is 56000*0.43 = 24080. I'm gonna use numbers from this US News page (https://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/paying-for-college/articles/paying-for-college-infographic), which might not be the most reliable source in the world, but it's probably somewhere in the ballpark. So according to US News, average tuition for the 2023-2024 school year for out of state students going to a public school is 23,630 and 10,662 for in state students. If these numbers are anywhere near accurate, the only conclusion I can draw is that Galloway has cherry-picked his data by only including the cost for out of state students in his analysis. First of all, public schools in the US are there to provide affordable access to higher education FOR RESIDENTS OF ITS STATE. Using only out of state numbers is absolutely ridiculous. Secondly, even if he used only the in state numbers, 10662/56000 is approximately equal to 19%. So if I use his very very questionable pre-tax income numbers, cost of public college for in state students has still increased across his categorisation of generations. It's not like his point would have been invalidated if he had used the in-state numbers, a trend of tuition increasing as a percentage of real income across multiple generations is still very bad. This is my opinion but I guess that he just wanted to find a nice shocking number. I didn't catch this but in their post, u/JustTaxLandLol notes that later on Galloway says "real median income from labor is up 40% since 1974" so he's also contradicting himself in the same talk.
I couldn't be bothered to look into the house price to income column he has so I don't have any comments on that.
His next slide is a point about how the percentage of 30 year olds earning more than their parents did at 30 has been decreasing very significantly over time. This is from a paper in 2016 by Raj Chetty (link: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aal4617). I've seen some counterarguments about the methods used in the paper but there are counterarguments for basically every inequality paper in existence so I'd take them with a grain of salt. Those points are more complex than the scope of this post and I lack the expertise to be making them anyways so I believe this slide. I'll admit that Galloway makes a good argument for this slide.
Right after this slide he says "As a result, people over the age of 55 feel pretty good about America, but less than one in five people under the age of 34 feel very good about America. This creates an incendiary, righteous movement...". He supports this with data on the percentage of US adults who feel "extremely proud" to be American.
Before I talk about the data on this slide, I'd like to be a little anal about things and pick apart his wording and causal claims he makes. When Galloway says "as a result" he's making a causal claim about the relationship between a young person's earning ability and their national pride. Leaving aside the econometric issues of making random causal claims, this is a ridiculous marginalisation of all the other critically important issues in the US. It seems pretty clear to me that reduced national pride amongst younger individuals is a combination of a lack of social mobility (or however you want to word your version of the fading American dream), the continued existence of systematic racism and sexism, US response to ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza, bodily autonomy (abortion), and many other issues. Not to say that the economic disadvantages of young people doesn't play a role in causing this lack of national pride but come on. He also says "this creates an incendiary righteous movement...". Ok if the "as a result" from the last sentence could be interpreted as the economic disadvantages of young people play some part in their dissatisfaction with the government, it should be obvious to anyone not living under a rock that many of the political conflicts and movements that have erupted in the US over the past few years have little, if anything, to do with earning ability. In the slide after the poll data he shows three photos, one of a MeToo protest, one of a BLM protest, and another of a pro-Palestine protest. I can only interpret this as him making the claim that the younger generations economic difficulties are causally linked to those movements, which is totally bananas.
Now lets talk about the data. He got this from the Gallup polls (link: https://news.gallup.com/poll/394202/record-low-extremely-proud-american.aspx, there's a link to download the pdf with the poll numbers at the end of this article). There are 5 options for the Gallup poll: "Extremely proud"; "Very proud"; "Moderately proud"; "Only a little proud"; or "Not at all proud". So Galloway is cherry-picking again. To be fair, it's true that even including the rest of the answers, a quick glance at the data suggests (very strongly) that young people are less proud than older people. There are also more young people who choose "Not at all proud" (11% for 18-34 and 1% for 55+). Though there is probably some argument to be made about whether "extreme" pride is a good thing. Furthermore, "pretty good" and "very good" do not reflect the extremity of choosing, well, the most extreme option.
As an introduction to his next slide he says that "a decent proxy for how much we value youth labor is minimum wage". I've never heard of this before and am very very skeptical but I'm willing to attribute this to my own ignorance so I'll leave that sentence alone. So on this slide there's a graph with two lines, one is minimum wage across time adjusted for inflation, the other is whats supposed to be minimum wage if adjusted for productivity (also adjusted to inflation I assume). Galloway got this data form the Economic Policy Institute (EPI) (https://www.epi.org/productivity-pay-gap/), which shows that this gap between productivity began around 1979. This was when Carter was president and right before the Reagan administration. Those who know about the economic history of this time probably won't be surprised since a lot of the policies of this time were rather inegalitarian and heavily favoured the wealthy. I agree that many of the policies of the time contributed heavily to the inequality America faces today and though I haven't read any studies about how this affects minimum wage workers, I believe that minimum wage workers or low income workers in general today have significantly lower purchasing power relative to a few decades ago.
What I have a problem with here is the idea that productivity and minimum wage should increase in tandem. According to the EPI, "Productivity measures how much total economywide income is generated (i.e., for workers, business owners, landlords, and everybody else together) in an average hour of work" and "pay is defined as the average compensation (wages and benefits) of production and nonsupervisory workers. The pay for this group is one appropriate benchmark for 'typical worker pay' because production and nonsupervisory workers have made up roughly 80% of the U.S. workforce over the entire period shown in the figure and because the data for production and nonsupervisory workers exclude extremely highly paid managerial workers like CEOs and other corporate executives". Before I try to break down my complaints with the measures used, my immediate reaction when I saw this was that it seems rather stupid to compare the relationship between average productivity and minimum wage in an industrial economy against the same relationship in a service oriented one. There are just more jobs now that let you make an impact on the economy far beyond what you are paid and it is so so difficult to quantify this change. Using a similar argument, I really have no clue how macro people make models or do estimates for things like productivity but I'm quite skeptical about the reliability of using such a measure of productivity because of the increased prevalence of second, third, or n-th order effects that would be present in a measure of something like total gdp but pretty much impossible to identify for any employer. For those who want to read more about this difference between productivity and compensation I think this is the most relevant paper from EPI (https://files.epi.org/2015/understanding-productivity-pay-divergence-final.pdf). There are some points I'm not satisfied with in this paper like them attributing the entirety of the difference between median hourly compensation to average consumer hourly compensation but that would take more time than I want to spend on this.
Now we're still on the same slide. Galloway says "we've kept it [minimum wage] purposely pretty low" twice in three sentences. Now he's suggesting that there's some collective out there that has the political power and desire to keep minimum wage low. By "we" I think he means to suggest that the old-timers have banded together to screw the young people over. Ok buddy. I'm stepping outside the bounds of what's considered strictly economics here a little but pinning the injustices of society on some ethereal enemy whose existence can never be disproven is the same as taking "advantage of the flaws in our species with medieval institutions, Paleolithic instincts, and godlike technology" (Galloway's words, same TED talk) to me. Maybe there really is some cabal of scheming geezers out there who have some twisted desire to keep the minimum wage low, but I'm more inclined to believe that a lot of these "injustices" are a result of our existing political and societal institutions being poor and inefficient aggregators of our desires as a society, rewarding selfishness instead of cooperation. This certainly makes the problem harder to solve than if there were just some evil 'others' we could get rid of and be done with. Having a target to direct our outrage at, believing that I am good and they are bad, is easier than facing the reality that everyone is born with the selfishness that creates the injustices we live with but that's not gonna make people more agreeable. As an economist, I study the theory of incentives to use the same human selfishness that creates all the problems Galloway talks about to create solutions that hopefully improve our quality of life. This is what I believe is the beauty of being human, all the good and bad that happens stem from the same desires, it is our job to create institutions and systems that allow us to channel our desires in a way that benefits everyone, but I digress. The point is, this enemy that Galloway creates is an effective tactic at convincing people of his argument, but I don't believe such a perspective benefits society at all. Mistakes should be corrected, that doesn't mean they're always the result of ill intentions.
His next slide compares the difference between percentage increase in median household income against percentage increase in median home price, as well as a comparison of the median monthly mortgage between 2019 and 2024. I have nothing to say about the graph, I agree that over time, home prices have increased to an unacceptable level. The Fed funds rate went from 2.4 percent in Feb 2019 to 5.33 percent in Feb 2024 (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/fedfunds). To his credit, Galloway does attribute this increase in mortgage payments to "an acceleration in interest rates" but what's the alternative? Don't increase interest rates? Then if I was Galloway I'd make the same TED talk and talk about how the continued low interest rates contributed to rampant inflation that made all the poor people even poorer. It seems like he's decided to take whatever bad economic event that seems somewhat relevant and made it to be the result of some group's dogged determination to keep the younger generation down. Why is the increase from pre- to post-covid prices on anything surprising. I'd like to meet the genius who saw covid coming and intentionally created this increase in home prices.
He also says "the most expensive homes in the world, based on this metric, are number three, Vancouver. Why? Because 60 percent of the cost of building a home goes to permits...". I have no idea what point he's making here. Based on what metric, median home price? Monthly mortgage payments? Why do I care about Vancouver, a Canadian city, being number three? Then he talks about how "the incumbents that own assets have weaponized government". Either he's switched to talking about oligopolistic lobbyists in general without saying so or he's still talking about Canada. I dunno. Someone please explain. Then he says "this is the transfer I'm going to be speaking about". Also, everything he just said is talking about how there exists a group of people trying to PREVENT transfers of wealth to new entrants. And there was huge applause after that sentence. Nutsos, all of them.
Ok next slide. Galloway presents two pie charts, comparing the share of household wealth by age in 1989 to 2023. So he's talking directly about inequality in wealth now. Inequality in the US is really really bad, that's a fact. I'm a big fan of the work of Emmanuel Saez, Gabriel Zucman, and Thomas Piketty. These people have been at the forefront of research on inequality for many years now and though their work is not flawless, I'm convinced by the data they present and the methods by which they have aggregated the data and what they show is that inequality is worse than even what the pie charts Galloway presents suggest. However, this is not to say that Galloway makes a valid argument. Please note the grey bits in the pie chart. If Galloway has shown the numbers for everyone under 40 and above 70, the group that's excluded are those between 40 and 70. So those in the age range of 40-70 owned 100 - 19 - 12 = 69% of household wealth in 1989 and 100 - 30 - 7 = 63% in 2023. I could probably go and find how the age demographics of the population have changed over time and I think that with declining birth rates, the percentage change in age demographics would be pretty close to the percentage change in household wealth but I'm tired of beating every slide to death so I'll leave that to someone else if anyone's motivated enough to do that (if my hypothesis is wrong here just comment and I'll make that change). My first thought when I saw this though was again, this guy has paid no regard to structural change in society. Given the increased accessibility of buying stocks over the past three decades is it really that surprising that older people who have had more time and cash at the start of the digital age to invest in companies that are now massive mega-corporations have experienced a higher return on their capital. This is not to say that none of this change in the share of wealth held by those under 40 is due to some inherent unfairness in our society and I have neither the time nor knowledge to separate these effects out but to say that this was a "purposeful" effort to cut their wealth in half is complete and utter bullshit. Also, this guy makes another causal claim WITH NOTHING BUT A CHANGE IN SHARE OF HOUSEHOLD WEALTH. Congratulations everyone Scott Galloway has just made every econometrician in the world redundant, I always knew my professors were just trying to confuse me with funny symbols and Greek letters, someone get this guy a Nobel Prize.
Then while introducing his next slide Galloway says that his analyst's presence in the audience "brings the average age of the entire conference down in 11 days". So he's saying that TED knows exactly who's showing up to their event before it happens and that they have the exact birthdates of everyone in the audience too and that they've given this information to one of their speakers. A friend of mine has told me he's just making a joke and that I should let this point go because I'm being too anal about things but yeah I become anal about things when someone suggests sweeping institutional changes in a talk viewed by millions of people so thought I'd include it anyways just as another example of the bullshit this guy has been spewing.
When he moves on to the actual content in the slide the first point he makes is about lower acceptance rates in schools. So I don't have data on this because I couldn't be bothered to go find any so again, I'll change my statement if anyone has reliable data indicating otherwise but I think its pretty safe to say that way less people used to apply than before and combined with an increase in international student applications and enrollments the competition is just way higher than before. The most obvious explanation would be that higher education institutions have made the mistake of not increasing enrollments at a rate quick enough to meet demand. However, according to US News (https://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/articles/how-many-universities-are-in-the-us-and-why-that-number-is-changing) there were 3982 degree-granting postsecondary institutions in the US. and UCLA is ranked 15th in national universities. So why is it surprising now that university education is becoming more popular that higher ranked universities are harder to get into. So instead of expanding enrollment I think that a well thought out plan of affirmative action would be a much better option of giving "unremarkable kids and giving them a shot at being remarkable" (what this well thought out plan may be I don't know, I honestly didn't even search up any statistics about affirmative action this was just the first solution I thought of that didn't involve ignoring the crowning achievement of statistics). To his credit, Galloway does include a point about income-based affirmative action at the end of his talk, though he overwhelmingly emphasises increasing enrollment in schools. I don't have any data about that but I think that class sizes at public universities are large enough as it is.
The rest of the slide gives numbers on college debt of house price compared to first year income. College debt is ridiculously high and many people struggle because of it. I don't have the solution and neither does Galloway because he doesn't really mention it. I think that house price-to-first year income is a poor comparison because it doesn't take into account average rate of income increase and no normal person from any generation is looking to buy a house with first year income but there's probably a more appropriate metric out there that shows a similar change anyways so I'm ok with that.
Then he talks about him and his "colleagues" who "artificially constrain supply to create aspiration and scarcity". I would like to meet the professors who have control over enrollment rates because none of mine did. Then he says "to my colleagues in higher ed: we're public servants, not fucking Chanel bags". The marketing professor from NYU says he's a public servant...ok.
The slide after that compares Harvard's increase in endowment compared to their increase in enrollment and he calls them a "hedge fund offering classes". I see no issue with this point, he made a great argument, can't really criticise anything here.
Don't worry though he makes up for it by immediately making one of the most egregious statements in this whole talk. We're looking at his next slide, the one titled "Grand Bargain" now. He says that the government should take some of the money that's supposed to be used to forgive existing loans to about 500 of the top public universities to reduce tuition by 2% and year, expand enrollments by 6% a year, and increase vocational programs to 20% of the degrees granted. Then the slide after that, claims this will double freshman seats and cut costs in half in just 10 years. Ok so he thinks that most of the money "earmarked to bail out the one third of people that got to go to college on the backs of the two thirds that didn't" should go to future students instead because, I assume from the tone of his words, he doesn't think they need or deserve all that loan forgiveness. So why bring up the increase in college debt previously (the slide I talked about three paragraphs ago)? Anyways that's not the crazy thing. Let's see what happens if you reduce tuition by 2% a year for 10 years. So the calculation goes like this 0.98^{10} is approximately equal to 0.81. So with the number he puts up, tuition decreases by 19% in ten years. If everything before this slide could be attributed to cherry-picking, stupidity, or lack of good data, then fine he's just ignorant even though he shouldn't have been if he went up there to make that talk. But now this is just a FUCKING BAREFACED LIE. I cannot think of a greater insult to the audience's intelligence than the fact that this guy didn't think anyone would pull out a fucking calculator and do the calculation themselves. I won't blame the audience for not saying anything because I'm not sure I would have wanted to do that either but at least from youtube and reddit comments there are a decent number of people who didn't realise this. A similar calculation shows that expanding enrollment by 6% per year increases seats by about 80% total (1.06^{10}). Not sure how that translates in terms of freshman seats but at least this is closer than the tuition claim.
Then his next slide compares wages to the s&p500. This is the point of u/JustTaxLandLol's post and I think his post and the discussion in the comments covers most if not all of my thoughts so you can just read that. https://www.reddit.com/badeconomics/comments/1cc3rs8/scott_galloway_compares_median_wage_to_sp500/
Ok next slide, "The Transfer: Purposeful". Oh yay he's about to make another causal claim with nothing but a graph on the change in top marginal tax rates for corporations and individuals. And if we skip ahead to the next slide we'll realise that this claim is that the gradual decrease in top marginal tax rates for corporations and individuals results in lowered senior poverty and child poverty either remains constant or increases. Yes everybody the newest advancement in economic research has just been released. Lowering top tax rates decreases senior poverty and increases child poverty. And Scott Galloway made that argument in 24 seconds (transcript on TED website has time markers).
Man I really set out with the intention to keep the tone of this post as neutral as I could but I'm just writing out my internal dialogue with less swearing now. I apologise to those who would have preferred a more careful and less emotional knee-jerk response of an analysis but this is a reddit post, its not like there are standards.
Now he moves on to talking about social security. Galloway says "it would cost 11 billion dollars to expand the child tax credit. But that gets stripped out of the infrastructure bill". So zero explanation about why it would cost 11 billion dollars to expand the child tax credit, why not more or less, no comment about how many children it would affect, how much money it would mean for each child or family, just some number that you have to accept. Most of the time there's no why to the amount of funding that the government allocates to policies but at least there's some breakdown to how its going to be used, Galloway doesn't even have that. This is before we even consider the fact that child tax credit was expanded this year (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/child-tax-credit-2024-who-qualifies/). Maybe he's talking about some other issue that I'm not aware of but I don't think so. He says he got the social security spending data from the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, which is a think tank. I don't want to sort through their website to fact check so I'll accept it as the truth but as far as I know the actual social security administration releases their facts and figures for the year August of next year so I'm not sure why he didn't just use the 2022 numbers from a more reliable source.
His next few couple slides are about the increasing age of politicians. I think this is a great point but he probably should have used a better example of a younger politician than Justin Trudeau.
Then at around the 10 minute mark, using his slide titled "Generational Theft", Galloway claims that "we pumped the economy" during covid so that the Nasdaq would gain value, causing "intergenerational theft". I don't know if he thinks it was intentional or not but how is he going to completely ignore the fact that the stimulus checks were primarily for households that were struggling due to the greatest unemployment rate we have seen in our lifetime (https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/06/11/unemployment-rose-higher-in-three-months-of-covid-19-than-it-did-in-two-years-of-the-great-recession/). I'm really kind of tired of this so I'll let those at the CBR make my argument for me. "Within the first 10 days, households spent an average of 29 cents from every dollar received. The bulk of this spending was on food, rent, and bills" (https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/how-effective-were-stimulus-checks-us). Damn so turns out struggling families did need these stimulus checks pretty urgently. Shocker. I also think that most people in finance would agree that tech stocks surged over covid because people needed fucking technology... People built PCs to play video games, used online shopping services because they couldn't go to malls, all that.
The next slide is supposed to support his point that the increase in stock prices doesn't allow young people to find "disruption". What. The only thing that matters to any investor is the percentage increase in value of the stock price after you've invested. It doesn't matter if 7 dollars is 1 share of apple or 0.04 of a share of apple. Its stock price going up by 100% means you get 14 dollars either way. I think this guy's arguments are getting dumber as the talk goes on, I actually had to go and find data to refute his points earlier on. Now arithmetic does the work for me, I should have hired a grade schooler to do my analysis.
His next point is about how algorithmic content selection is bad. Yeah its bad. Its bad for everyone, turns everyone into psychos. Though I think there's a very good argument to be made about how such content could affect developing brains. He makes a point about age-gating social media at the end of the talk. This is actually the only drastic measure he proposes that I agree with so I'll leave this alone too.
After a couple slides about Zuckerberg and TikTok (which I agree with, though I think Zuckerberg's damage probably leans more towards older people than young now), he gives a bunch of graphs showing upward trends in all sorts of terrible things happening to young people. Every single one is an issue of critical importance in the US, but importantly, no comparison to older people. For all we know, the trend on every graph could be the same or even worse for older generations. If I had written about this first then I'd go and find the data for it but at this point I just want to be done with this but can't stop without getting to the end so I'm just gonna slap this slide with lack of comparisons and move on.
His next slide shows the difference in 30 to 34 year olds who have at least one child, some of that is probably due to family planning but I still think its a great indicator of people not wanting to have children because its not affordable. Great point, I believe in it.
Next slide, oh god it's a happiness report. I think happiness reports are a fun conversational tidbit but I see no way for it to be reliable enough to be used as an argument in any semi-serious setting. That said, I have no idea how they do these measurements so maybe I'm wrong.
As if the happiness report wasn't bad enough, Galloway is gonna compare the biggest one-day market cap gain (in an unspecified time frame) to the budget of several policies implemented by the government. Oh man. This is too stupid, there's so many things to pick from it'd take too much effort to sort through them. Someone else please make the argument for me.
Then he says universal basic income should have been called negative income tax. Wow the frequency of good points is going up, though I think this is accompanied by an increase in the frequency of absolutely idiotic arguments.
Then he says we should eliminate capital gains tax deduction. The issue of taxing capital gains is a very serious one, but I don't think it actually matters that much how much we tax realised capital gains. Again, not an expert but here's my understanding. If you have a high net worth with a lot of it in stocks and you need cash, you don't have to sell them and get taxed on the realised gains. You go to the bank and say I want to borrow money, I'm going to put these stocks up as collateral so if I can't pay you back you can take these stocks which are somewhere around the value of the principal amount plus total interest over the course of this loan. Because the bank is now convinced they'll get the money back regardless of if you make the payments or not, they say ok here's the money you asked for at a nice low interest rate. Then you take the money, you keep your stocks, which will probably gain value at a rate that exceeds the interest rate by a pretty decent margin, and you can probably make your interest payments pretty easily because hey, you were rich to begin with. If you're really strapped for cash a couple years down the line, you can sell some of the stocks that are now worth more than they were before and cover your payments and not have to pay taxes on the rest that you don't have to sell. Free money. There's plenty more ways to avoid taxes if you're rich but you get my point by now. Now that's a lot of problems without a solution. Luckily we have some economists far more skilled than I am who work very hard to find solutions to these problems. Here's one example of a policy that may help (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/05/03/opinion/global-billionaires-tax.html). This is an opinion piece written by Gabriel Zucman (famous economist), for the New York Times. If you don't have an NYT subscription, sorry for giving a link you can't read but if you search Gabriel Zucman billionaire tax, you could probably get a decent idea of what this talks about. Here's Zucman tweeting his proposal for his suggestion (https://twitter.com/gabriel\_zucman/status/1763253132572729623). It probably requires a little more thinking than the NYT article but he did present this at the G20 so that might sound more exciting to you than some news article.
Then Galloway says "we need to remove 230 protection for all algorithmically-elevated content". Zero mention on what 230 protection is so here's an explanation (https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/230). Basically that was a fancy way of saying that companies should be held accountable of the content on their platform, even if it's posted by an unrelated third party. I'm not sure getting rid of it in its entirety is a great idea (though I have no arguments against that except Orwellian ones) but I certainly agree that most if not all social media platforms have abused this protection and it should be at the very least restricted. To what extent? Again, I have no clue.
Then he goes "break up Big Tech". That's the whole suggestion. This is a terrible idea but the fact that he doesn't elaborate more on how to do this, the ramifications of doing so, or really provide any explanation at all makes me automatically ignore this. Then he makes his point about age-gating social media, like I said before, I agree with it.
His next suggestions are universal pre-K, great idea, then "reinstate the expanded child-tax credit". Not sure what he's going on about here, child tax credit exists and like I said before, was just expanded. Then it's income-based affirmative action. I don't know what kind of affirmative action is best and that sounds like an interesting idea so I won't criticise it. I think the rest of his suggestions are pretty normative arguments so I'll leave those alone too.
Don't get me wrong, I wholeheartedly agree with the overall theme of his talk. I believe that young people in the US (and many places worldwide) are at a massive disadvantage when it comes to accumulating wealth, buying homes, inter-generational transfers, etc. But you cannot go up on a popular platform like this, make claims as sweeping as he has, and make suggestions as radical and drastic as he has, with garbage arguments and data like this. Saying the right things for the wrong reasons is arguably worse than just saying the wrong thing because it makes it easy for those who want the status quo to remain to make counterarguments. Given how divisive opinions have become over the past decade or so I guess I shouldn't be surprised at how many people are eating this up but it kinda scares me how easily people will eat up this shit as long as its for a cause that sounds like its going for some kind of radical change for the good of all and has some imaginary "them" as the common enemy to everyone.
So that's it, I've finally covered all his points. I'm free, thank fuck. I should really proofread this but this has been my past eight hours and my back is breaking from all this sitting, I'm just gonna post this and read it over tomorrow. Maybe do a tl;dr, fix some formatting.
EDIT: As u/myphriendmike and u/Mordoci have pointed out, my dummy corp example was just tax fraud, that's illegal and so it's a bad example, I've removed it. Zucman has some estimates on the "real" tax rate wealthy people (mostly billionaires) pay, maybe I'll include that at some point.
I also corrected my wording in some places.
submitted by gecko927 to badeconomics [link] [comments]


2024.05.10 21:30 gm1001cl How my wife and I will retire before 50; neither of us make over $75K

I've seen a ton of posts here asking how specifically to FIRE. Here’s how my wife and I are planning our great escape from the daily grind to retire at 49 years old.
I'll break it down in three easy steps.
But before we start, allow myself to introduce...myself:
Housing - $3,000 Groceries - $700 Car - $250 Utilities - $150 Phone - $100 Daycare - $900 Insurance - $500 Travel - $300 Other - $300 Total - $6,200
STEP ONE: What do I need?
To figure out how much money we’ll need in retirement, I looked at our current expenses. $6,200 today would equal about $10,250 when we want to retire, thanks to the devil that is 3% annual inflation.
But usually, when people retire they only spend about 70-80% of their pre-retirement expenses. Let’s say 80% to be safe, so my monthly expenses would be about $8,200 in retirement.
STEP TWO: What's my target?
Now that I know my expenses at the start of retirement will be roughly $8,200, let’s run the numbers to see how much money I’ll need to cover this.
A few assumptions:
I plug these numbers into my calculator and find out I need about $1.43 million at 49 years old to cover these expenses.
STEP THREE: How do I get there?
As you may expect, my wife is way smarter than me. She encouraged me to start investing early along with her.
At 23, we had about $15,000 saved from earlier summer jobs and started investing $700 monthly. Now we have $150,000.
To get from $150,000 today at 32 to $1.43 million by 49, I calculate that I'll need to invest $1,550 each month. We can do this.
See? Not that bad.
The keys to retiring early are:
  1. Start with what you know - your current expenses
  2. Calculate how much you’ll need in retirement - use your current expenses as a starting place
  3. Invest early and regularly - the sooner you start and the more consistent you stay, the better off you’ll be
For the math, I just used a financial calculator (free one found here: https://www.calculator.net/finance-calculator.html) but happy to help walk anyone through the steps more granularly.
CLARIFICATION ON CALCULATIONS:
I have no problem staying invested in equities through retirement. I'm fine with volatility. Long-term returns on global equities have been over 9% (https://curvo.eu/backtest/en/market-index/msci-world?currency=usd), so I'm comfortable leaving that at the return target in retirement.
We're investing through tax-advantaged accounts, so we won't have to worry as much about grossing the required income up in retirement.
Calculating $1.43 million through this calculator: https://www.calculator.net/finance-calculator.html
Here are the inputs:
PMT: $8200 [monthly payment in retirement] N: (80-49)*12 [life expectancy - retirement age * 12 month] FV: 300,000 [Buffer I want to leave for age 80] I/Y: 9%-3% [target return - inflation rate]
Under "Settings" P/Y: 12 C/Y: 12
Solve for PV = $1,430,429.66
submitted by gm1001cl to Fire [link] [comments]


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