https://www.academia.edu/120305732
Khotanese Culture
​
Tocharian has many loanwords from other languages, showing the path its speakers traveled and who they interacted with. Fairly recent loanwords from Khotanese are usually slightly more archaic than the oldest known Khotanese forms, allowing insight into there origin (if not already obvious from other Iranian cognates). Several important ones, also showing the nature and timing of sound changes, are :
​

1. *pRoti-doH3- > Iran. *pati-daH- > *pati-ðā- > *paitðā- > *-td- > *-dd- > Os. fedun ‘to pay’, > *-tθ- > *-θ- > Kho. pīha- >> TB pito ‘price’

​
TB pito shows that -h- came from a dental, thus it is cognate with Os. fed-. Doubt expressed by Cheung and Dragoni about the need for *d vs. *t do not matter when *pati-daH- had both. If it was a common verb, metathesis to shorten it to 2 syllables would not be odd, and unique *tð (or similar depending on timing) could easily be “fixed” in separate ways in each sub-branch.
​
​

1. OKho. pārgyiña- ‘garden’, pājiña- ‘treasury’ >> TA pāśiṃ ‘treasure’

​
Since -rC- / -C- is known, these Kho. words must be the same, both from ‘surrounded by a wall’. This is the exact origin of Av. pairidaēza- ‘garden’, etc. (E. paradise, from *dheig^h- ‘(shape) clay’, G. teîkhos \ toîkhos ‘wall’, etc.). Since anyone would expect a treasury to be enclosed, and this is also attested for ‘garden’ in Iran., the changes must include th common Iran. suffix *-aina-. For *paridaiźa- / *paridaiźaina- ‘surrounded by a wall’, haplology > *paridaiźna- > *paridaiźńa- > *paridźaińa- > pārgyiña-, possibly with other i-i dissimilation.
​
​

1. *marrāγā- > OKho. mrāhā- ‘pearl’ >> TB wrāko, TA wrok ‘(oyster) shell’

​
Sog. marγār(i)t and the likely Iran. loans G. márgaros ‘pearl oyster’, margarī́tēs ‘pearl’, show the basic form, related to PIE *m(y)rg(h)- (Li. mirgėti ‘twinkle / glimmer’, Germanic *murgVna- / *margVna- ‘(to)morrow’, Greek mirgā́bōr ‘twilight’). Dragoni doubts this, based on *mŕ̥ga- ‘bird’ > Kho. mura- and Beekes’ idea that G. margarī́tēs was possibly from Proto-Iranian *mŕ̥ga-ahri-ita- ‘oyster’, literally ‘born from the shell of a bird’. This meaning makes no sense, and no cognate requires *mŕ̥ga- instead of *margar-, etc. At just the right time, *marγārā- > *marrāγā- in PKho., allowing new *γ to merge with *x between V’s, both > h. It is possible that *mrr- > *wrr- > wr- in PT (others with mr- exist in TA, TB), but see below for other ideas.
​
​

1. Av. maðu- ‘wine’, Kho.? >> TB mot ‘alcohol’; LKho. gūra- ‘grapes’, *gūraeṇaka- > *gūrīṇaxa- > gūräṇaa- ‘of grapes’, gūräṇai mau ‘grape wine’, *gurin-madu >> TB kuñi-mot

​
Dragoni assumed that r vs. 0 was due to -rC- / -C- (above). However, even the latest Kho. forms have gūräṇaa-. Considering how archaic most loans are, it seems unlikely that an even later *gūräṇi > *gūrṇi > *gūṇi existed. There is no evidence for these stages, or that they could possibly have occurred before the TB attestations. If TB mot was borrowed at the same time (suggested by the exact match of gūräṇai mau : kuñi-mot, with few other Iran. languages without *d > l in the area that could have been the source),the *d > t would confirm it was borrowed earlier than the earliest Kho. attestation. Since all other evidence favors an old loan, the only way to explain loss of *r is that it was not lost. Indo-Iranian had nasal sonorants (Whalen 2023), shown in part by loans into TB with *r > *n (Whalen 2024a) :
​
Skt. karpā́sa- >> *kanpās > TB kampās ‘cotton’
​
Skt. kṣudrá- ‘small’, Av. xšudra- ‘fluid’
Skt. kṣaudra- > *kšautna > *tšautan > TB cautāṃ ‘honey’
​
With this, there’s no reason to doubt that the same existed in Kho., allowing stages starting with the oldest features *gūrīna-madu > *gurin-madwä > *kunin-matw > *kuni-mot > *kuńi-mot > TB kuñi-mot (maybe with *n-n > *n-0, but nm / mn also doesn’t seem regular).
​
Though Dragoni gave *gudra- > gūra- ‘grapes’, this seems related to Iran. Y. γôro ‘bunch of grapes’, NP γôreh ‘unripe grape’, (lw.) D. γooráa ‘grape’ and Dardic Kho. guruts \ grùts ‘bunch of grapes’, A. ghrútsa ‘wild strawberries’, etc. Alone, this would require *gutsra- vs. *grutsa-, and the meanings allow Skt. gutsá- \ guccha- ‘bundle / bunch of flowers / tussock’, Hi. gucchā ‘bunch of fruit’, etc., to be included. Since r vs. 0 also exists here, without knowing the cause and exact original form, the cause of r vs. 0 in Kho. >> TB remains uncertain.
​
​
Sanskrit Meters
​
The most recent loanwords are usually from Sanskrit (often Buddhist terms), with little or no adaptation. Some Sanskrit words (or related Middle Indic versions) are slightly older, with some sound changes. Many of these are the Skt. names of kinds of meter (in song, etc.; when their nature is known, of the form ‘a meter of 4 X 14 syllables; rhythm 7/7’). Several important ones, showing the nature and timing of sound changes in TA, TB, and Skt., are :
​

1. TA kutsmāt

​
Gerd Carling gives :
​
kutsmāt (n.masc.) 1) ‘?’, 2) name of a tune (stanza 4 × 12 syllables)
Possibly borrowed from Skt. kukṣimat- ‘pregnant’ (BHSD:184b) via MI, cf. Pa. kucchimant.
​
Since Tocharian had both ts and c [č], as well as tts and cc, there’s no reason that a word like kucchimant would become kutsmāt. Skt. kukṣimat- itself is fully capable of transforming into kutsmāt, since TA had ks > ps, and there’s no reason unique psm could not dissimilate P-P > T-P in tsm.
​
​

1. Skt. kanda- ‘a bulbous or tuberous root / a bulb / the bulbous root of Amorphophallus Campanulatus / garlic / a lump, swelling, knot / name of a meter (of four lines of thirteen syllables each) in music’, *kanda-karṣana- ‘pulling out tubers’ >> TB kantsakarṣaṃ ‘a meter of 12/12/13/13 syllables (rhythm a and b: 5/7, c and d: 5/8)’

​
Tocharian *d > *dz > ts is known in many native words, but disputed (since it is not regular). The timing of *d > *dz is thought to be early, since it is not found in other loans (Bactrian kamirdo ‘head/chief’ >> TB kamartike ‘ruler’; OKh. tvaṃdanu >> TA twantaṃ ‘reverence’; Av. maðu- ‘wine’, Kho.? >> TB mot ‘alcohol’; *pati-dā- > Kho. pīha- >> TB pito ‘price’; maybe Kho. dānā- >> TB tāno ‘seed / grain’). Seeing it in a recent loan probably indicates that Tocharian merging of voiced/voiceless stops/affricates was late, with a phoneme /d/ pronounced [d] / [dz], explaining why loans could give both.
​
​
3.
​
Gerd Carling gives :
​
kusu (n.masc.) name of a tune (stanza of 4 × 12 syllables)
Possibly borrowed from Skt. kusuma- ‘flower’
​
Since Skt. kusuma-vicitra- ‘having various flowers’, kusuma-vicitrā- ‘meter of 4x12 syllables’ also exist, it is likely this name was shortened (like others) to the 1st word. Then, kusuma > *kusum > *kumsu > kusu. At that stage, there would be no counterexamples known preventing *ms > *ws from being regular, or *kuwsu > kusu. However, another word, TA koṃsu ‘tune (4 × 12 syllables)’ also exists. Since u > o occasionally happened (Skt. kuṇḍala- >> TA kontāl ‘ring’), it is likely that Skt. u became PT *wä, optionally > *wO > (w)o, otherwise to u. This is also seen in (Whalen 2024b) :
​
*ukso:n > *wäkso:n > *wäkso:n / *wOkso:n > TB okso
​
*H2anH1-tmHo- ? >> *ana-lmö > *OnO-lme > *(w)O- / *wu- > TB onolme \ wnolme ‘creature / living being / person’
​
Adams also gives 2 words with *sup- > sop- or sp-, showing the same alternation, though he doesn’t discuss it. The same variation in *yä / (y)e for :
​
*sindhu- > MP hyndwg, *hinduka- >> *yäntuke > *yE- > TB yentuke
​
PIE *yetewotor ‘he moves / strives’ > PToch. *yetyäwetär > *yetäwyetär > TA *yetäyetär > *yetetär (y-dissim.) > yatatär ‘is capable of / can (be)’, TB *yetäwetär > *yotwotär > yoto-
​
Together, these allow a path *kusum > *kumsu > *kuwsu > kusu vs. *komsu > koṃsu, of the same meaning. It is possible that only *ums > *uws was regular, but with so many irregular changes, I would not insist on it. A similar oddity in another IIr. loan, *marrāγā- > OKho. mrāhā- ‘pearl’ >> TB wrāko, TA wrok ‘(oyster) shell’, so several cases showing that IIr. m could become PT m or w make its optionality likely (helped by related cases of *r > r / n, etc., above).
​
​
Adams, Douglas Q. (1999) A Dictionary of Tocharian B
http://ieed.ullet.net/tochB.html
​
Carling, Gerd [in collaboration with Georges-Jean Pinault and Werner Winter] (2008) Dictionary and Thesaurus of Tocharian A
https://www.academia.edu/111383837
​
Dragoni, Federico (2023) Watañi lāntaṃ: Khotanese and Tumshuqese Loanwords in Tocharian
https://www.academia.edu/108686799
​
Whalen, Sean (2023) Indo-Iranian Nasal Sonorants (r > n, y > ñ, w > m)
https://www.academia.edu/106688624
​
Whalen, Sean (2024a) Notes on Tocharian Words, Loans, Shared Features, and Odd Sound Changes (Draft)
https://www.academia.edu/119100207
​
Whalen, Sean (2024b) Etymology of Greek hetoîmos ‘at hand / ready / imminent / active / zealous’, Skt. yatná- ‘zeal / effort’, TA yatatär ‘is capable of / can (be)’ (Draft)
https://www.academia.edu/119773754
​

TL;DR - Tanks are too reliant on being babysat by support which makes some games feel really bad. Revert DPS passive to 15% for tanks only and I bet we'll all feel great.
When I came back to Overwatch a few months ago I was primarily playing Tank, particularly Orisa. I always liked Orisa and obviously at that point she was overtuned and powerful (Many would say broken and unfun to play against), so I was having a decent time to say the least.
I tried other heroes, and generally it all felt OK. I got used to playing Junker Queen, Sigma, Ramattra, Zarya, Hog...With Winston available for those needs to dive. It all felt OK, with Orisa feeling the best of course.
I also regularly play support (Ana, Kiriko, Bap) and during that time was also feeling pretty OK about the role.
Then the 20% DPS debuff came back.
All of the sudden some tanks felt near impossible to play effectively. Taking space felt way more difficult, extending even a little was a no-go, and feeling like you'd just melt was common.
What I've come to realize through my playstyle is that this increase from 15% to 20% causes two massive revelations for me
I want to state that these observations come from PUBLIC SOLO play in either metal or QM, which I feel like the majority of players tend to partake in. It's certainly where it feels the WORST

1. Tanks with easily earned sustain feel better to play. Roadhog, Doomfist, Wrecking Ball and Zarya all feel more stable because their generation methods for HP or Shield are simple (Zarya can also basically self-cleanse the DPS passive with a shield) Doomfist in particular feels great because he can find health through normal play (Alongside blocking with a little support attention) Sigma doesn't feel as good because his generation is dependent on the enemy team. JQ has a whole different challenge with her melee/knife based sustain requirements. It's certainly not an easy button press.
   
2. As a support, I feel more pressured to babysit the tanks that do NOT have that luxury because they go down so quickly if ignored.
   

What I found happening is that I am picking burst healing more and more (Bap specifically) because I have to spend an inordinate amount of time focused on keeping my tank alive, especially tanks who have their damage prevention on CD.
So when you play a tank outside of the ones listed, if your healers are not paying special attention to you, it feels very easy to go down without "playing properly" which requires proper CD management, kiting, breaking LOS, etc. The margin of error for those tanks went way down because improper play is met with death if you're not the healers focus.
This feels bad, but I think it feels particular bad this time around because it feels extremely uneven in practice.
See what I've observed is that if I'm here playing support for my team and doing that focus bit, my tank usually does OK as long as they're not going absolutely bananas. I see the same plays I liked to make on tank pre-patch being made, the same life level, etc.
But when I'm playing tank and I don't have that escort, I just die. I have to explicitly rely on my support to allow me to make those plays, instead of being able to make judgement calls based on enemy position and cooldowns. I can't just overextend to try to get an enemy support out of position if my support isn't there backing me up for it.
And this is where I feel like the heart of the matter lies.
Support matters too much to the Tank Role right now
In my opinion, the least stressful tanks to tank on Hog, Doomfist, Wrecking Ball and Zarya right now unless you know you will be strongly focused/babysat by your support. Majority of healers sans high burst struggle to keep tanks being damaged alive on their own through the DPS passive, so if the tank can't also add health to their pool it just feels bad, period.
I honestly believe if Blizzard just made the nerf 15% specifically for tanks it would fix these issues and make it feel fun to play again.

Venue: EnMarket Arena (Savannah, GA)
Attendance: ~6,500

Winner	Loser	Match Finish	Stipulation
Braun Strowman	JD McDonough w/ Finn Balor and Carlito	Tilt-a-Whirl Power Slam
Ricochet	Ilja Dragunov	DQ when Bron Breakker appears and spears the shit out of Ricochet
AOP w/ The Final Testament	The Creed Brothers w/ Ivy Nile	What A Rush
Lyra Valkyria	Kairi Sane w/ Dakota Kai	Crucifix Pin
Rey Mysterio w/ The LWO	Carlito w/ Finn Balor	619
Bronson Reed	Otis w/ Chad Gable	Tsunami
Liv Morgan (c)	Becky Lynch	Liv Escapes through the Door	Steel Cage Match for the Women's World Championship

• Kickoff with Ludwig Kaiser demanding the gratitude of the fans before introducing the new King of the Ring, GUNTHER! GUNTHER says on Saturday he beat Randy Orton and is now the rightful King of the Ring, and with that he has also earned the right to challenge the World Heavyweight Champion at Summer Slam and turns his attention to Damian Priest. He says Priest has stepped up since Rhea has been out injured and took on the new responsibilities, the same way he stepped up to restore the prestige of the Intercontinental Championship. GUNTHER says the King of the Ring tournament also lacked prestige so it was on him to raise it once again, and now the World Heavyweight Championship is held by a man who took a shortcut to win it so he looks to restore the prestige of it as well. Damian Priest along with Balor and McDonough make their way down, and Priest scoffs at the idea of him taking shortcuts when everyone saw that Orton's shoulder was up and the only thing GUNTHER should take credit for is screwing Randy over. Priest says he earned the contract and cashed in the way many others had before and offers to teach GUNTHER how things work around here. GUNTHER says he only cares about the facts, and the fact is if Priest is still the champion at Summer Slam then he'll be taking that title from him. GUNTHER says he is still waiting for someone to teach him since he's gotten here and so far no one has been able to and tells Priest that he loves this sport more than anyone else and challenges him to teach him this business before or after he beats him. Priest says he respects what GUNTHER has accomplished, but he's never been world champion and promises to go to war at Summer Slam. Drew McIntyre makes his way down to the ring, after getting CM Punk chants he says that the highlight of his return has been him since if he didn't injure Punk then he'd have gotten fired already. Drew tells GUNTHER and Priest that he'll be champion in less than 3 weeks, GUNTHER takes his leave. Damian says he isn't looking past Drew but he already knows what the outcome is going to be. Drew tells Priest he's spreading himself too thin, with the Judgement Day screwing up left and right since Mami got injured. He warns Priest to focus on himself, he says that he is the only person from the UK to ever win a World Championship in WWE and he's done it four times. Drew tells Priest to go back and watch Clash at the Castle and see the reaction he got that threw even Roman Reigns off his game, and this time they're in Scotland. Drew gives a quick geography lesson showing where Scotland is compared to Wales and says that up there they're all mad like him and he just got cleared and he's taking the title. Priest asks if that's really Drew's best shot, that the crowd is going to boo him? Priest says he's been doubted his whole life and Drew won't get under his skin and asks if Drew's wife will be there. Drew tells him to pick his next words carefully and Priest says it was that easy to get under Drew's skin. They are interrupted by Braun Strowman coming to the ring. Drew leaves the ring to Priest who goes face to face with Braun before backing off and telling JD to get in the ring.
  
• After the opening match Finn and Carlito go to beat down Braun but he powers out and throws both of them out of the ring. JD swings at Braun's back with a chair but it has no effect and the Judgement Day retreat with Braun in tow.
  
• Liv Morgan says she doesn't regret how she won on Saturday, she says she isn't going to talk about Dom, she wants to talk about finally becoming Women's World Champion. She says she is going to prove that she did this on her own by beating Becky once again, this time in her first ever steel cage match.
  
• Backstage Finn asks Carlito why he wasn't out there earlier when Priest approaches them and says this should have been settled and tasks them with finding JD and regroup at the club house.
  
• In the trainers room Ricochet is cleared to compete and Adam Pearce says as much as he wouldn't advise it, Richocet will get his match with Bron once he's done with his fine. Ilja Dragunov approaches Ricochet and tells him he wants to go another round but he fights men to break them, but he doesn't fight broken men. Ricochet says he's never been broke and he just got cleared to compete and tells Ilja to get his gear.
  
• Bron levels Ricochet with a spear during his match, Ilja intervenes to attack Bron but is layed out by a Spear as well. Pearce comes down with officials to escort Bron out of the building.
  
• Backstage Pearce is ranting at Bron as he leaves the arena, Adam storms off and runs into Kiana James and says he needs a drink.
  
• Earlier today R-Truth is running an ice cream truck, Miz asks why he's dressed in all white and Truth says you gotta represent his flavor, Miz is vanilla and naturally he's...strawberry. Miz goes to say what he thought Truth was going to say when The New Day walk up and ask what he was going to say. Truth closes up shop and hands Woods an ice cream cone. Karrion Kross approaches and asks when they're going to cut this New Day crap and asks Woods when he thinks Kofi is going to let him shine on his own. Woods says they aren't going to break up a ten year friendship like the New Day and Kross tells them to watch AOP tonight.
  
• Rey Mysterio says he welcomes Carlito into the LWO with open arms but his jealousy towards Dragon Lee clouded him and now he's running to the Judgement Day hoping they'll accept him like he did. Rey says Carlito won't be facing an old friend, he'll find out what happens when you cross the LWO.
  
• Sheamus makes his way down to the ring, he says King of the Ring was banger after banger but sadly no Sheamus, all because of Ludwig smashing his knee. Sheamus says he isn't bitter, but he's a bit salty that GUNTHER's glorified coatrack was running his mouth while he was healing up but now he's back and can't wait to get his hands on him. Ludwig appears on the tron and says he heard Sheamus whining and complaining, once again blaming him when he should be blaming GUNTHER since no one else stood a chance of winning the tournament. He calls Sheamus a keyboard warrior and that Ludwig Kaiser does what he wants on his schedule. Sheamus tells him to shut the hell up before storming to the back to look for Ludwig. Sheamus makes his was into the corridors in the back but is ambushed by Kaiser and the two brawl back out onto the stage as officials try to separate the two.
  
• Backstage Becky tells Lyra that Saturday didn't go their way, but it's always about learning and getting better...until it's time to walk away. She wishes Lyra luck and suggests she get a set of kneepads next time.
  
• Finn and Carlito return to the Clubhouse and Priest asks where JD is at but Carlito says they haven't found him yet. Priest also asks why Carlito is there since he isn't part of Judgement Day and has a match anyways. Carlito leaves as JD returns and explains he told Liv that she won't have the title for long. Dom returns and admits he screwed up as Priest tells him he better fix things tonight.
  
• Kairi and Dakota return to Iyo's locker room after Kairi's loss, Iyo loses it and wrecks her locker room before storming off.
  
• Finn Balor interferes with Rey's match with Carlito and after the match Rey attacks him to get some revenge. He sets Finn on the announce table for Dragon Lee to dive onto but Damian Priest runs in to take out Rey and Lee.
  
• Backstage Chad Gable asks where Tozawa wasn't in Saudi and says he must have had a very good reason but says he isn't mad, he's just disappointed. Braun Strowman storms past looking for JD. Otis and Maxxine walk up and Chad tells Max to stay in the back tonight before telling Otis that against his better judgement he'll let him redeem himself against Bronson Reed tonight, no matter what.
  
• Otis goes to leave after his loss but Chad Gable demands he get in the ring and calls down Maxxine and Tozawa for a meeting right there and now. Chad asks Otis what is he going to do with him first he cost Chad the IC Title in Saudi Arabia but now he blew his second chance too. Chad says Otis lacks discipline so tonight he's going to show him discipline in front of everyone here. Chad says he doesn't want to do this but he made him do this and whips off his belt. He tells Otis to grab the rope as Otis walks towards the ropes and Chad tells Tozawa and Maxxine to watch since this is what happens when you bring shame to the Academy. He tells Otis this will hurt him a lot more than it'll hurt him. Chad goes to strike Otis but Maxxine grabs his arm to stop him, Chad asks if this is too much for her and tells her to get the hell out of the ring and to leave and not come back. He tells Tozawa to stand there and watch but before he can strike again Sami Zayn makes his way out, stopping to check on Maxxine before heading to the ring. Chad tells Sami this is Alpha Academy business and to stay out of it as Sami steps up onto the apron and then into the ring. Sami asks Chad what he's going to do and says Chad is a weak little man. He has manipulated his way into opportunties for the Intercontinental Championship but each time he came up short and the only person who's fault it is was Chad himself. Chad says he could get the job done anytime he wants and he would have finished things on Saturday if it wasn't for this idiot. Chad goes to attack Otis once again but Sami grabs his arm and takes the belt out of his hand before tossing it away. Otis steps to Sami and Sami asks what he's going to do and how much more of his crap is her going to take and it is time he starts listening to the people. Sami tells him to listen to his heart as Chad blindsides Sami and starts to attack him but Sami fights back and begins to rain down punches on Gable until Otis pulls him off. Sami argues with Otis before Chad hits him with Chaos Theory. Chad gets on top of Sami and continues to beat him down before posing over him with the Intercontinental Championship before leaving the ring. Otis checks on Sami as Chad tells Otis to get moving and to leave.
  
• Backstage Shayna and Zoey Stark are interviewed, Shayna says it didn't matter who won at King/Queen of the Ring, their opponents still have the same limbs and they'll break all the same. Zoey suggests they invite Bianca and Jade to Raw when Sonya Deville approaches them and says maybe they need to re-think their plans. Shayna says they've beaten every tag team on Raw and threatens to put Sonya through ACL rehab again. Isla Dawn and Alba Fyre approach them and tells Shayna they've never beaten them.
  
• During the main even Dominik comes down to ringside and opens the door to try and cost Liv her title but Finn and JD come down asking him what he's trying to do. Braun Strowman runs down after JD, as Braun runs around the ring he bumps into Dom who knocks the cage door into Becky, allowing Liv to make her escape.
  

SHAMELESS PLUGS

• Live Thread
  
• New to /SquaredCircle? Check out the Wiki!
  
• Check out our Squared Circle twitter account for all sorts of AMA announcements and interaction!
  
• Curious about how the /SquaredCircle Championship and Jobber Championship works? Check out the rules!
  
• Be sure to follow @WWE on Twitter and Like WWE on Facebook! You can download the official WWE App on iTunes so Michael Cole shuts up about it!
  
• Like other wrestling promotions? Perhaps you're looking for other subreddits related to wrestling? There's a sub for that! Check out /TheDirtsheets, /luchaunderground, /njpw /TNA, /ROH, /indiewrestling, /Wrasslin and more!