https://www.academia.edu/120561087
I have said that change of ph / th next to P in Greek were optional:
*graph-mn > G. grámma, Doric gráthma ‘drawing / letter’, Aeo. groppa
*H2okWs-mn ‘eye’ > *ophsmã > G. ómma, Aeo. óthma, L. osmen > ōmen ‘*sight/vision / *sight of significance/foreboding > foreboding / sign / omen’
*samH2dho- > *(p)sam(a)tho- > G. fem. ámathos ‘sand’, psámathos, *psáthmos > *psáfmos > psámmos ‘sand’, *psámfos > Dor. psâphos ‘pebble’
These show the need for *f > ph, since only *phm, etc., changed, not *pm, *bm. This applied to *ps > *fs ( > later phs / ps ). Fricatives are often changed more easily than stops, so an alternation of *fm / *θm would be best. I give evidence that Greek ph was pronounced *f and w was *v (Whalen, 2024b, c), explaining spellings like ps / phs and dialect changes, just as *ks > *xs > ks / khs (Whalen, 2024d). Also supporting this is *py > pt. Since *ty > *tsy > tt / ss, it makes sense that *py > *pfy first. The same dissimilation for phm / thm would apply to *pf > *pθ > pt / ps (G. ptílon, Dor. psílon ‘plume/down/wing’ (Dor. did not change ti > si), márptō ‘seize/grasp’ >> Márphsos the Centaur (likely = Chiron), márptis ‘kidnapper’, kámmarpsis ‘a measurement of wheat’, *marpθyotro- > *marp(h)[t/s]otro- ‘kidnapper / slaver’ > mastrop(h)ós / mátrullos ‘pimp’, etc.). Even PIE *pt might have merged with *pθ in dialects (G. pī́ptō, Aeo. pissō ‘fall’).
It is likely that uK / uP was caused by a similar change, though the original is not always known:
G. thalúptō / thálpō ‘warm up / heat’, thalukrós ‘hot /glowing’
*daru ‘tree’, *dauRnā ? > *davxnā \ *davfnā > Greek dáphnē \ daukhnā- ‘laurel’ (with *up or *wp optionally > p, like *kauput ‘head’ > Go. haubiþ, OE héafod, E. head, *kaput ‘head’ > Skt. kaput-, L. caput, ON höfuð; Whalen 2024k)
This is also seen in optional dissimilation at a distance for:
*bhleigW- > L. flīgere ‘strike (down)’, G. phlī́bō / thlī́bō ‘press’, Lt. bliêzt ‘beat’
Since this is not seen in the many cases of p-p, etc., again a change of *f > *θ in *f-P seems best. This also relates to oddities in:
*petH2- ‘extend / fly’, *pi-pt(a)H2- > *piH2-pt- > G. pī́ptō, Aeo. pissō ‘fall’, *pi-pt(a)H2- > *pH2i-pta- > *fipta- > Koine híptamai ‘fly / rush’
Though ph-b > th-b might be claimed to be dissimilation of stops, not *f-b > *θ-b, the same could not be said for *f-p > h-p. It is only H-metathesis that could create *pH- > ph- / f- here (Whalen 2024e), allowing dissimilation of 2 different P’s, since there is no trace of dissimilation in normal p-p. Though *f-b > *θ-b vs. *f-p > h-p could be seen as two distinct changes (or in separate dialects), I think that phl- and *ph- might have been treated differently if no *hl- existed at the time (already *sl- > *hl- > lh- / l-).
This also helps show that fricatives are older than aspirated stops in all IE (Whalen 2024h, among many others). Other IE also show oddities that would make most sense in my theory, like Skt. alternation of d(h) / b(h) / h due to older *ð / *β (Whalen 2023i). This also works for *dhw > dv being due to *ðv > dv before *ð > dh (*H3ones-wehg^h- ‘carrying a burden’ > *anaz-vā́ž- > anaḍvā́h- ‘draft animal / ox’; dhvárati ‘harm/destroy/injure/hurt’, dhvarás- ‘kind of female demon’, vṛ́ka-dvaras- ‘men/followers/warriors of asura-’) and similar *zg > *ðg > dg (*mezgu- > L. mergus ‘gull’, *meðgu- > Skt. madgú-; *zgWes- ‘quench / kill’ > *ðg^as- > *djas- > Skt. jása- \ dása-) and v / *β > bh in gandharvá- \ *gandharbhá- (Whalen 2023a).
Other IE show similar th / f (making this change in Greek as due to th and ph as old fricatives fairly clear). The Alb. alternations of th \ f (and dh \ v after w > v) seems completely optional, also seen in more words, both loans and native (Whalen 2024j):
L. ferīre ‘strike/slaughter’ >> ther ‘cut/slaughter’
G. kárphos ‘dry stalk/stick/twig’, Alb. karthje ‘brushwood/kindling’
Alb. therrë \ ferrë ‘Christ’s thorn \ crown of thorns [small tree with spines on shoots]’
PIE *wolp-? > L. vulpēs, PIE *wolpinos? > Alb. dhelpër \ dhelpën ‘fox’
PIE *wo(r)midā? ‘worm, caterpillar’ > Alb. dhemje \ vemje, Rum. omidă ‘caterpillar’
Alb. thanukël \ thënukël \ fënugël ‘dogwood [C. sanguinea]’ (maybe cognate with L. cornus ‘cornel cherry-tree’
PIE *bhah2bhk^alx^o- > G. phásēlos ‘bean’, Alb. bathër \ bafër ‘terebinth’
Bg. vampir >> Alb. dhampir ‘half-vampire son of male vampire and human woman’
More f / th in:
Arm. *Tt > *θt > *(θ)t > *(f)t > t / th (*wid-ti- >Arm. giwt -i- ‘finding / invention’, git -i- ‘finding / gift’, and many more)
Old Persian *k^ > θ, but Arm. *k^t > *ft > wt (as above). Also, names beginning with f- could have diminutives (nicknames) in th-: *Farn-aspa- >> G. Pharnáspēs, *Fur-ka- > OP Thuxra-
With these changes in mind, even *-ds and *-ts could have had a stage as *-θs / *-ths. That it existed is seen in assimilation of *p-th > *p-f, etc., the opposite of dissimilation of *P-P:
psathurós ‘friable/crumbling’, psapharós ‘powdery’
*pod-s > *poθs > *pofs > *povs > G. poús, Dor. pṓs
That -ps actually existed here is seen in -pops in compound:
*H2arg^i-pod-s > *-poθs > *-pofs > *-povs > G. argípous ‘fleet-footed’, Mac. argípous / aigípops ‘eagle’ < *’swift’
The change of *ts > *ths matches dialects that write khs for x, phs for ps. That it was old and real seen in *androHkW-s ‘(hu)man’ > *andrōphs > G. ánthrōpos, with *d-ph > *dh-p (Whalen 2024f). To show that not just Greek underwent these changes (Whalen 2024a), Brythonic *ma:tri(:)pa: ‘mother’s sister’ (W. modryb ‘aunt’) is usually seen as < *-kWo- (Matasović), but there is no evidence for *kW in adj. or diminutives of this type (many examples in all IE). Instead, just like *maH2tro:w-s ‘mother’s sister’ > *mafrous > Arm. mawru (G. mētruiā́ ‘step-mother’), *patro:w-s > L. patruus ‘father’s brother’ (*pH2trwyo- > G. patruiós ‘stepfather’), *g^lo:w-s > L. glōs ‘husband’s sister’, etc., it had the standard PIE ending. It simply underwent the changes of *-ws > *-vs > *-fs > *-ps (like G. ) and *o: > *u: > *i: (regular in Brythonic). Thus, *maH2tro:w-s > *ma:tru:vs > *ma:tru:ps > *ma:tri:pa: (with analogy > fem. ending). That *-u:vs > *-u:ps might be regular there is possible, but G. shows no regularity.
A similar *m-x > *m-f is behind:
*mok^s > L. mox, MW moch ‘soon’, Av. mošu ‘immediately’, *moxs > *mõfs > G. máps ‘rashly/idly’
Others might show either *xsv > *fsv or *xv > *fsv, though it’s also possible that direct *ksw- > *kWsW(w)- is responsible (Whalen 2024g). This is also clearly optional:
*ksw(e)izd(h)- ‘make noise / hiss / whistle’ > Skt. kṣviḍ- ‘hum / murmur’, L. sībilus ‘whistling / hissing’, *kswizd- > *tswizd- > G. sízō = sízdō ‘hiss’, *tswizd- or *kswizd- or *kWsWizd- > G. psízomai = psízdomai ‘weep’
The change of *poθs > *pofs is matched by optional P-d > P-b (Whalen 2024h). Just as later Greek dialects are supposed to have ph > f, yet I say f is older, modern d > ð is needed to explain this (since stops were not affected) long before it was supposed to occur. This also includes *d from *t between vowelsin dialects, so even some t > d > *ð > *ð > b near P:
*wekatos ‘to be obeyed / lord’ > Hekatos, fem. Hekátē, *Hekádē > Hekálē, Hekábē / W(h)ekaba
Hekátē, *Hekádē > Hekálē, Hekábē
G. bátrakhos, Pontic bábakos, etc., ‘frog’
*mlad- > blábē ‘harm/damage’
For *mlad-, older *d seen in *dph > *tph > sph in *mlad-bhaH2- > blásphēmos ‘speaking ill-omened words / slanderous/blasphemous’, an adjective from phēmí ‘say’.
A similar change in *Hal(a)Hto- > Skt. alāta- ‘fire/coal’, *alada: > G. alábē ‘coals’ shows no obvious *P, but it’s possible that *H- here was *H2H3- (or < *H2w- / *xw-).
Many of these are similar to Skt. changes, such as Vedic *mm > nm, *pbh > dbh (but > gbh in later Skt. and *tep-mon- > AV takmán- ‘fever’). Since mv / nv is similarly optional in Skt., consider the origin of G. *enwoti-s > én(n)osis ‘shaking / quake’, ennosí-gaios ‘earth-shaking’, *enwoti-khthōn > G. ennosí-khthōn, LB e-ne-si-da-o-ne ‘Poseidon’. The change of ? > e-o in G., e-e in LB suggests that -o- is the result of *-H- that either assimilated to adjacent *w ( > o ) or nearby e ( > e ). Many cases of the outcomes of *H becoming 2 V’s in these situations are known, though disputed (van Beek 2011):
*meg^H2two- > Skt. mahitvá-m ‘greatness’, G. mégathos, Att. mégethos ‘size’
*H1ed- ‘eat’, *H1dont- ‘eating / biting’ > G. odónt-, Aeolic edont-, Arm. atamn ‘tooth’
*H1noHmn-? > Skt. nā́man-, G. ónuma, Lac. énuma-, Arm. anun, TA ñom, TB ñem
*dolH1gho- ‘long’ > G. dolikhós, endelekhḗs ‘perpetual’
*melH2- > LB meleuro- ‘flour’, meletriya- ‘female grinder of grain’ (instead of *mela-, see
*melH2- ‘crush / grind’ > Luw. mālhūta ‘he broke’
*mélH2n- ‘ground / dir(y)’ > G. mélās ‘black’, *melH2nó- > G. melanós ‘blue-black’, Skt. maliná- ‘dirty’
*melH2du- ‘crushed > weak / soft’ > W. meladd, *H2mldu- > G. amaldū́nō ‘soften’ )
With this, there is a root that can mean ‘shake’ containing *-H- and to which *mw > *nw could apply:
*m(y)ewH- > TB miw- ‘shake / quake’, L. movēre ‘move/stir / set in motion / shake / disturb’, Skt. mīvati ‘throng / move’, mūrá- ‘rushing / impetuous’, Li. máuti
This allows *mewH-ti- > *meweti-s > / *mewoti-s > *emweti-s / *emwoti-s > *enweti-s / *enwoti-s ‘shaking / quake’. At one time, -mw- might have been a preferred (or new, if some *my > *mmy > *mwy or other changes already existed, see Arm. *my > wy / nǰ), leading to metathesis. Later, when changes to *phm / *fm created thm, it included (also optionally?) *mw > *nw.
In the same way, G. thalúptō vs. thalukrós might be matched by *upC > *utC in Skt. (k vs. t like *pbh > dbh / gbh). Skt. grapsa-s / glapsa-s ‘bundle/tussock/tuft/bunch’ would seem to come from
*ghrabh(H)- > Skt. gra(b)h- ‘seize’ with optional *H > s (Whalen 2024l), but it is also nearly identical to *gutsra- / *grutsa- > Skt. gutsá- \ guccha- ‘bundle / bunch of flowers / tussock’, Hi. gucchā ‘bunch of fruit’, Kho. guruts \ grùts ‘bunch of grapes’, A. ghrútsa ‘wild strawberries’, etc. These can be united if optional *a > u by P in IIr. first, then optional *ups > uts. This alternation of a \ u by P in:
*pmkWtó- ‘fifth’ > *pãxta-? > Av. puxða-
*H2(a)mbhōw ? ‘both’ > L. ambō, Skt. ubhá-, Av. uwa-
Skt. ubháya- (adj) ‘of both kinds’, Av. baya-
L. musca, Skt. mákṣ-, mákṣā- ‘fly’, Av. maxšī-; *mekše > Mv. mekš ‘bee’, F. mehi-läinen
*moH3ró- > G. mōrós ‘stupid’, Skt. mūrá-, *moh3ró- > *malra- > H. marlant- ‘fool’, marlatar ‘foolishness/stupidity’
which does not seem regular (ubhá- vs. abhí ‘over’, G. amphí ) and matches G. optional o/u by P / KW (*morm- ‘ant’ > G. bórmāx / búrmāx / múrmāx; *wrombo- > rhómbos / rhúmbos ‘spinning-wheel’; *wodo:r ‘water’ > G. húdōr; *megWno- ‘naked’ > Arm. merk, *mogWno- > *mugno- > G. gumnós; *wlkWo-s ‘wolf’ > L. lupus, *wlokWo-s > G. lúkos, Alb. ulk). The apparent problem with *ghrabhso- > *grabhso- > Skt. grapsa-s is that when *bhs > ps it should “throw back” the aspiration to create **gh-. However, A. ghrútsa DOES have gh-, and the reason why ghr- vs. gr- exists here seems to be that older *grabhso- > *grhabso-, with *grh- only optionally becoming ghr-. This is the same stage seen in Skt. gaveḍu- \ gavédhuka-s ‘kind of snake’ > A. ghroók, Pl. grhoóŋk ‘worm’. Few languages have aspirated r, let alone after an unaspirated consonant in a cluster, but that is the only way to interpret the evidence here. All *Cr-Chs > *Crh-Cs first is possible, with most *Crh- > Chr- later, only A. & Pl. showing the older variation. This also seems to explain r vs. 0 (gucchā ‘bunch of fruit’, grùts ‘bunch of grapes’, etc.); uvular R is a feature of Indo-Iranian, causing r > 0 there & also in many IE (Whalen 2024m, n), since *rh and *R seem to alternate in Dardic, with optional *r > *R > rh in A.:
Skt. rāva-s ‘cry/shriek/roayell / any noise’, A. rHoó ‘song’
Skt. rása-s ‘sap/juice/liquid (of plants)’, A. rhaasóo ‘kind of plant’
Skt. ruṇḍa- ‘maimed/mutilated / mule offspring’, A. rhónḍo ‘mangy [of goats] / bad’
Skt. rātrī- ‘night’, A. rhootašíi ‘morning’, lhootúṛi ‘tomorrow’, Ti. ẓada ‘tomorrow morning’
Skt. rauhiṣī- ‘rauhisha doe’, *rāuγisa-? > *rauŋisa- > Shina rṓŋs ‘deer’, A. rhúũs , Kh. ràuz ‘musk deer’
The changes create several sets of words, some possibly mixes of synonymous words created by optional changes:
*ghrabh(H)- > Skt. gra(b)h- ‘seize’
*ghrabhHo- > *grabhso- > *grhapso- > Skt. grapsa-s / glapsa-s ‘bundle/tussock/tuft/bunch’
*grhapso- > *gapsRo-? > Skt. gaccha- ‘tree’, Kh. gḷòts ‘crotch of tree’, grúṭṣ ‘*bundle/*bond > basting stitch’
*grhapso- > *grhupso- > *grhutso- > A. ghrútsa ‘wild strawberries’, Kho. guruts \ grùts ‘bunch of grapes’, Dm. gurús ‘strawberry’
*grhutso- > *gutsrhī(ka)- > A. gutshíi ‘morel’
*grhutso- / *gutsrho- > *g(R)utsa- / *guts(R)a- > Skt. gutsá- \ guccha- ‘bundle / bunch of flowers / tussock’, Hi. gucchā ‘bunch of fruit’ (with *tsr > *ṭṣ > cch)
*gṛutsa- > *γuṛutsa- > *uṛutsa- > Kt. vřóts, Kv. řóts ‘raceme / bunch of grapes (measure)’, Sa. vâṣ
some are possibly mixes of synonymous words created by optional changes, depending on whether *psrh > *psR > cch / ts was regular, whether gḷòts vs. grúṭṣ is due to metathesis of retroflex features and *a vs. *u, etc.
Several other groups seem related. Though Dragoni gave *gudra- > Kho. gūra- ‘grapes’, cognates in Iran. Y. γôro ‘bunch of grapes’, NP γôreh ‘unripe grape’, (lw.) D. γooráa ‘grape’ seem to also be from *grhutso- / *gutsrho-, etc., with no other way of knowing what *-tsr- would become. Since this also has r vs. 0 in lw. TB kuñi-mot ‘grape-wine’ (Whalen 2024o), the same *rh / *R as above is also needed. Similarly, in OCS grozdŭ ‘grape’, R. grozd’ ‘bunch / cluster’, SC grȍzd ‘grapes / cluster of grain-like objects’, it is possible that Slavic had regular *ps > *ts, merging with *Ts > *ts > s (*kopsos > Slavic *koso-, G. kópsikhos ‘blackbird’), thus these are also cognate. Though it is possible that *bhs > *bhz > *dhz > *zdh > zd was regular in Slavic, the frequent metathesis of *rh in IIr. allows several other possible paths. If only *bhsr > *zdhr then metathesis of *r, this would also work. If *bhs > *ps / *ts first, optional *sr > *zr > zdr might have also changed *tsr > *dzr > *zdr. Since this is not regular, it also seems like a case of *r > *R (since a voiced uvular fricative would be more likely to voice C’s). Some examples in:
*(H)nosro- ‘nostril’ > Li. pl. nasraĩ, R. nozdr’á
*memsro- ‘flesh’ > Slavic *memzdro- > OCS męzdrica ‘membrane of egg’, R. m’azdrá ‘fleshy (inner) side of pelt’
*g^(e)is(u)ro- ‘sand / gravel / pebble(s)’ > Li. žie(g)zdrà ‘gravel / grain’, žìzdras ‘gravel / rough sand’, OPr sixdo [zigzdo]
*gis(ul)o- > OE cisil \ ceosel ‘gravel / sand’, MHG kis(el), NHG Kies ‘gravel’, Kiesel ‘pebble’
This might also be seen in some cognates: *memsro- ‘flesh’ > G. mērós, *manzdla ? > Ti. mǝndǝl ‘thigh’. Other IE sometimes also show str / zdr: *H3ost- ‘bone’ >> Arm. astr \ azdr ‘thigh / shoulder(-blade)’. The many cases of optional changes should not be ignored just because there is no current way of explaining them with the assurance of regularity. Without positing changes that seem optional, with anyone’s current state of knowledge, it would be impossible to unite any of the groups above, leading to a proliferation of unrelated forms. The need for reason and order in reality outweighs the need for regularity in theory.
Dragoni, Federico (2023) Watañi lāntaṃ: Khotanese and Tumshuqese Loanwords in Tocharian
https://www.academia.edu/108686799
Strand, Richard (? > 2008) Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Lexicons of Kâmviri, Khowar, and other Hindu-Kush Languages
https://nuristan.info/lngFrameL.html
Turner, R. L. (Ralph Lilley), Sir. A comparative dictionary of Indo-Aryan languages. London: Oxford University Press, 1962-1966. Includes three supplements, published 1969-1985.
https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/
van Beek, Lucien (2011) Vowel assimilation in Greek: the evidence reconsidered
https://www.academia.edu/5932491
Whalen, Sean (2023a) Werewolf, Worm, Ghroók, Gandharvá
https://www.reddit.com/language/comments/1272t9e/werewolf\_worm\_ghro%C3%B3k\_gandharv%C3%A1/
Whalen, Sean (2024a) Greek *-ts / *-ks / *-ps / *-ws, Brythonic *ma:tri(:)pa: ‘mother’s sister’ (Draft)
https://www.academia.edu/115158171
Whalen, Sean (2024b) Indo-European Fricatization and Metathesis by S (Draft)
https://www.academia.edu/113997542
Whalen, Sean (2024c) Indo-European s / x > f ( > w ) near P / KW
https://www.academia.edu/115089093
Whalen, Sean (2024d) Linear B q-series: evidence for use for both labiovelar KW and aspirated kh / velar fricative x (Draft)
https://www.academia.edu/120431799
Whalen, Sean (2024e) Laryngeals, H-Metathesis, H-Aspiration vs. H-Fricatization, and H-Hardening in Indo-Iranian, Greek, and Other Indo-European
https://www.academia.edu/114276820
Whalen, Sean (2024f) Indo-European Fricatization and Metathesis by S (Draft)
https://www.academia.edu/113997542
Whalen, Sean (2024g) Indo-European *ksw-, Greek *ks / *ts, Cretan Hieroglyphic 045 ‘Saw’ > Linear A *74 = ZE (Draft)
https://www.academia.edu/115195305
Whalen, Sean (2024h) Indo-European *s > f, Greek Fricatives to *f / *v near P
https://www.academia.edu/117599832
Whalen, Sean (2024i) Gandharvá-s & Kéntauros, Váruṇa-s & Ouranós
https://www.academia.edu/115937304
Whalen, Sean (2024j) Greek Variation of l / d / th / z, z / y / l, d / b in Context with Indo-European r / l / d(h) / z, d(h) / b(h) (Draft)
https://www.academia.edu/114443926
Whalen, Sean (2024k) Indo-European *w > 0 / *W, *wP > *_P / *P / *CP (Draft)
https://www.academia.edu/116360502
Whalen, Sean (2024l) Indo-European Alternation of *H / *s (Draft)
https://www.academia.edu/114375961
Whalen, Sean (2024m) Skt. náhuṣ-ṭara- ‘larger / more gigantic’, Khowar *naghu-tara- > nagudár ‘very large’ (Draft 2)
https://www.academia.edu/120495933
Whalen, Sean (2024n) Greek Uvular R / q, ks > xs / kx / kR, k / x > k / kh / r, Hk > H / k / kh (Draft)
https://www.academia.edu/115369292
Whalen, Sean (2024o) Etymology of Tocharian Loans from Indo-Iranian (Draft)
https://www.academia.edu/120305732
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/grozd%D1%8A

Examples Of Simplistic Music Videos Even A Beginner Music Creator Can Probably Film & Edit

If you’re a music creator and you want to level up by making a music video, here are some examples of very simple videos you can probably create on your own, if you have access to a decent video camera. Most new smartphones have good video cameras built in. If you don’t have a decent video camera yourself, odds are you probably have a friend or family member who has one.
Since you don’t have the budget for a huge epic video like Michael Jackson, Madonna, or OK Go, keep it simple.
Here are some examples of nice-looking minimalism music videos of all types of music:

➧ Minimal Editing Examples

• Dreamer Boy - Suckerpunch https://youtu.be/zNSj-IVOPdE
• Ed Harcourt - El Magnifico https://youtu.be/oAOV9drYVBA
• Fink - What Would You Call Yourself https://youtu.be/9kVNGMylWSY
• The Bygones - If You Wanted To https://youtu.be/VRSw8j8lWnU

➧ Somewhat Advanced Editing Examples

• Amilli - Four Days https://youtu.be/V_JKCUkhuic
• Avi Kaplan - Feel Alright https://youtu.be/StNt-2pIsXs
• Chad Lawson - Sanctuary https://youtu.be/QZwL3ojac0I
• Colouring - Lune https://youtu.be/0PwmqwMoawI (flashing visuals warning)
• Conor McLain - Who Am I https://youtu.be/XMgMXilnxgA
• Deeparshi Roy - Like A Waking Dream https://youtu.be/9U6d4WMWFsM
• DM Stith - Dodges & Feints https://youtu.be/CFLMEwt18tQ
• Furor Gallico - Call Of The Wind https://youtu.be/K8xeZu024RQ
• Glass Beams - Mahal https://youtu.be/nMuTgStG8w0
• Joey Dosik - Running Away https://youtu.be/6Qb2PLJyd4Y or this version https://youtu.be/wvpLjcXU3hY
• Kenzie - Close To You (featuring Astn) https://youtu.be/o68MGBsJVkk
• Levi Ouimet - Highway Home https://youtu.be/slkgYFm5S2s
• Mark Ambor - Belong Together https://youtu.be/r0c9Q21AfLA
• Oliver Anthony - Rich Men North Of Richmond https://youtu.be/sqSA-SY5Hro (NSFW hard cussing exception allowed due to important societal commentary)
• Susan Wolf - Into Your Arms https://youtu.be/oeiQBMrO8HQ
• Thomas Powers - Empty Voices (featuring Julien Baker) https://youtu.be/L6rHSzpeCfg
• Tinsley Ellis - Death Letter Blues https://youtu.be/yj9V_uyTRmk (flashing visuals warning)
• Vijay Iyer Trio - Compassion https://youtu.be/xGDFvxZCIHo

➧ Simple Still Artwork Examples For Your Song

• D4vd - Worthless https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=3bBXfTtirQg
• D4vd - Dirty Secrets https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=Qc4XryNTVrE
• Alessandro "Asso" Stefana self titled album https://www.instagram.com/alessandro_asso_stefana/p/C7ERvNDMtUW
• Andrew Bird - I Felt A Funeral, In My Brain https://x.com/andrewbird/status/1585280348501557248

➧ Tips

• No Logos Or Copyright Violations!
Don’t include logos or trademarks in your video. Don’t wear a shirt or hat with a logo. You can buy hats without logos at major websites for retailer stores. Don’t include a well-known product, toy, or household item showing logos. Avoid shoes logos and automobile logos. Don’t include clips of movies/shows/viral videos unless you have permission/licensing agreements. If you want, send me a message and I can send you a list of numerous lawsuits resulting from unauthorized use of trademarks and logos in videos. You might get sued. You might not. Why risk it? Never free advertise for another business/brand. Most importantly, you want the audience to focus utmost on your song and you.
In this video “Vanlife Home Tour” by Roadside Resident that I made, you can see how careful I was about avoiding logos.
Learn how you can use depth of field camera settings to blur backgrounds when filming. This can help blur out logos in backgrounds. Some newer smartphones have settings to easily do this.

• How to Get a Blurry Background in Video (Depth of Field Tutorial), Brooker Films https://youtu.be/hF4wwJWV81w
• Depth Of Field For Film Explained, Film It Yourself https://youtu.be/-y-XPDKhGa4

• Don’t Let Music Video Directors/Editors Convince You To Use Flashing/Static Jolts
In the short attention span era, a lot of music video directors and/or editors seem to think you need staticy jolts and flashing lights. Nonsense. That garbage is irritating to the eyes. Think about it. Would you like someone irritating your eyes with a flashing light? Also, flashing lights can be a risk to people with photosensitive epilepsy.
Worth Reading:

• Epilepsy Society Thanks Beyoncé For Seizure Warning In Music Video, 2022 https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/news/Beyonce-seven-seconds-stop-seizure
• The Weeknd: ‘Take My Breath’ Music Video Pulled From Imax Over Epilepsy Seizure Fears, Yahoo, 2021 https://www.yahoo.com/news/weeknd-breath-music-video-pulled-075315297.html
• Kanye West’s ‘All Of The Lights’ Video Gets Epilepsy Warning, Billboard, 2021 https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/kanye-wests-all-of-the-lights-video-gets-epilepsy-warning-472872

• People Doing Interesting Things Are… Interesting
Instagram and TikTok are full of popular videos of people demonstrating how they perform interesting work or hobbies. If you know of anyone who has an interesting job or interesting hobbies/skills/talents willing to give you permission to film, that can make for an interesting video. Just remember – avoid logos and ensure safety! If you know of anyone who can do interesting athletic things or dance, perhaps you can get them to star in your video. In this “Creeping On The Dancefloor” video by The Zutons, you can see how they complied videos of people dancing to make the video exciting. The Zutons themselves mostly stay in one location while they physically move their arms a lot – and the editor cuts to the videos of dancers. Although it probably took a long time to edit, this video likely can be made by any editor with intermediate level skills. It’s a relatively simple showing interesting people doing interesting things.
A more simplistic video of an interesting person doing interesting things is “Control” by band Too Close To Touch. This video has a lot of edits. An amateur or intermediate-skill-level director could make a more simplistic version. The video revolves around a guy painting artwork. In my opinion the jolty edits are unnecessary. Nonetheless, an interesting person doing something interesting is already entertaining.
END

How is it that every other person knows what the perfect resume looks like? And I’m not talking about in general, as each industry is different, so of course there are going to be specific guidelines/advice for each industry.
I’m just so tired of changing my resume all the time (like every other day) because X person said this one day and Y person said this the other day. Then Z person said that X is wrong and that it should be done some other way. These people also have no experience in recruiting. Ironically, they think that the advice I’ve received from recruiters in the industry I want to get into is wrong.
I can’t just ignore these people due to my circumstances (i.e. i live with my parents and they love to helicopter parent to the point where they own their own copy of my resume and cover letter in addition to stalking my former bosses on LinkedIn. When i mean stalking, i literally mean following them like they’re following the main character on their favorite tv show). They also apply for jobs on my behalf using their own versions of my resume and stuff, which sucks because I’ve only really gotten rejections from them. Even though the job market sucks, I could have probably at least gotten one or two interviews with those opportunities if I had done it my way (which i have been having a higher success rate with my own items).

By no means am I calling myself an expert on this as this was my first ever panel, but seeing things from the other side really adds a lot of perspective and makes you realize the good things and the bad things that people do.
I already feel like sitting through this once was worth more to me (from an interview perspective) than actually doing interviews for jobs. You immediately can tell if someone is going to be solid or completely bomb.
Aside from what I list below, if anyone has any other questions I will do my best to give advice/recommendations.

• If your resume is longer than one page, it's too long

I think two pages or one and a half are acceptable if it's all applicable, but multiple people submitted resumes that were.....3.....4............5 pages long. 5 pages! A literal novel. 3-4 pages of completely useless information. Needless to say, none of those people made the cut. Get to the point. Show me your education. Show me your last couple jobs. Tell me your GIS skills, and no, don't just list off a bunch of skills. You CAN have a skills section, but under your job descriptions and duties you need to elaborate on them.

• If the job says to submit X, Y, and Z.........submit X, Y, and Z.

Barring a spectacular resume, you are instantly thrown in the garbage pile if you don't attach a cover letter. AND, even if you somehow do make it through, if it's down to you and one or two other people, that lack of documents will come back to haunt you. Show you REALLY want the job and complete all of the stuff it's telling you to submit. Not doing so shows laziness.

• Curate your resume and cover letter to reflect the job posting.

Use buzzwords that you see in the posting. If they talk about ArcGIS Online, tell me in your resume you have experience using ArcGIS online and what you did with it. A lot of people think cover letters are stupid and a waste of time but it shows you aren't just a robot applying for 345 jobs by clicking a button. Most of us in this field (depending on the type of GIS you're doing) have some passion for our work. Also don't accidentally forget to change the company name......then we know you just did a copy/paste and are super lazy. RED FLAG.

• It's totally OK to not know an answer to a question.

Just be honest and say "I don't know how to answer that" or "sorry but I do not have experience with that". If it's something you saw in the posting and know you don't have experience, it shows some initiative if you do some research into it beforehand at least and let us know you have looked into it and are willing to learn.

• Be personable.

I know this one isn't easy for everybody, but it truly will help you have a good interview. The people I felt like I could connect with easily were definitely candidates I preferred. Remember, in this field, like 90% of what you do for a job is learned ON THE JOB. Anyone can essentially be trained in a few areas where they have little to no experience. You can have all of the experience in the world but a shit interview and personality. Those people will struggle IMO. Be yourself.

• Related to #5, also take your time.

If you need to gather your thoughts I'd rather you do that for 10 seconds than just ramble nonsense or say "ummm" 27 times. It's okay to think about it for a sec - these are on the spot questions. Sometimes you need a sec for your brain to catch up. With that said, you can tell who was prepared and who wasn't. People who give super short answers and don't elaborate on things will really struggle. If you do your research into the job posting and job description, you should be able to elaborate on most questions that get asked.

• This will vary by interview, but have notes ready.

Some jobs don't allow you to have material, but if it's via Teams I would say just ignore that rule. It's dumb IMO anyway. I had notes taped all of my monitor for things I wanted to say, help for questions I might encounter, questions I wanted to ask, etc. expecting people to remember everything and answer on the spot is silly. A post-it note isn't the end of the world.

• ....speaking of questions, be sure to have some for us at the end. Some of my favorites to use:
  
  • What does a typical day in the life of this role look like?
  • Tell me some pros and cons of working for XYZ Company.
  • If it's hybrid, ask for more details on that, we can usually explain it better than whatever HR posted.
  • What are you looking for in a successful candidate?
• One of the last questions might be something like "why should be hire you?" If you give a 7 second response to that.....ooof. This should be the show stopper. This is your time to shine. This is your time to highlight why you are the best candidate for the job and why we should pick you. I want someone to give 30-60 second answer on this and really go into detail. Bonus points if they point out things listed in the description for the job. I would almost always expect this question and have your answer somewhat planned out. It's an easy one, you just have to have a plan for what to say.
  
• Oh yeah, one more. If it's a virtual meeting, make sure your mic, webcam, internet connection are all solid beforehand. Show up within 5 minutes of the interview. If it's for 9AM don't show up at 9AM.....if their clock is off a minute they will think you're late. Show up a couple minutes early. They will already be ready and waiting (well, they should be). Also, wear something at least business casual. I don't need suit and tie in this field but at least a polo or dress shirt. Sorry women, whatever is equivalent lol
  

Hoping to bring more hope and positivity to this space. I'm a mid/senior (depending who you ask hehe) level designer with 5 years of combined experience in b2b and civic tech in startups and large orgs in the US. I previously wrote about my UX job search strategy in this post, and just a few days ago, I received a full-time offer! I want to share what happened up to this point in hope that it can help someone:

• 150 applications, 69 rejection letters, 9 invitations to interview, 6 resume iterations, 4 portfolio iterations
• 5 invitations from employers in my time zone, 4 from employers outside my time zone
• Applied only to listings relevant to my experience/skillset
• Met with multiple recruiters and designers for resume and portfolio reviews
• Submitted a cover letter when required (which was rare) or when there was something I wanted to call out in my experience (also rare)
• Resume lines followed the x-y-z format whenever possible ("Accomplished [X] as measured by [Y], by doing [Z]")
• Resume focused on capturing interest rather than copying keywords
• Portfolio case studies led with impact and told a story about what led to that impact
• No networking for the sake of finding job opportunities, although I am involved in my local UX community (which has proven to be a plus when interviewers ask "How do you stay in touch with what's happening in the industry today?")

I haven't accepted this offer yet and am still actively interviewing with other companies, but I'm so happy to have reached this milestone. Feel free to ask me any questions about my job search.

we all know that Warframe has been "woke" for a long time now. it's no secret -- it seems like every new update adds some kind of character with blue hair oat milk genders or pronouns. Fortuna gave us Ticker, a trans woman, Varzia is a extremely h*rny bisexual, and Whispers in the Walls gave us a f*cking talking fish with trauma. you see what I mean here about the 'agenda' they're pushing.
but as warframe players, we can endure it, because the game itself is so fucking good. the best movement system in any game, extreme build diversity, countless game modes, endless replayability, free-to-play done right, the gold standard for live service, etc. it's an amazing game with over a decade of hard work put into it and I love it more than anything.
but the upcoming content -- g*ddamn, it hurts so much, but with ONE warframe, one SINGLE frame, Digital Extremes will be almost at the point of no return for "complete woke". After this, there's only one hope for this game, this company, this community. there's only one chance for us, and if Digital Extremes makes the wrong choice, it's over.
with the release of Jade, this game that we love so much is mere NANOMETRES away from being COMPLETELY subservient to the m*ther-f*cking ALPHABET MAFIA.
Ash. Bansee. Chroma. Dante. Ember. Frost. Garuda. Harrow. Inaros. [ ] Kullervo. Limbo. Mag. Nidus. Oberon. Protea. Qorvex. Revenant. Saryn. Titania. [ ] Valkyr. Wisp. Xaku. Yareli. Zephyr.
do you see it? do you see what they're doing? the alphabet mafia has almost completely won. we are just two Warframe names away from having a full A-Z. Jade will be the 25th unique alphabet letter name. after that, it's just a matter of time before digital extremes makes a warframe that starts with the letter "U". sickening.
in other words;
Happy Pride and i hope you enjoyed this shitpost 🏳️‍⚧️🏳️‍🌈

clearscreen. set VV to (ROUND(VELOCITY:SURFACE:Z)). print "Vertical Velocity: " + VV. set Talt to (ROUND(ALT:RADAR)). print "Altitude Above Terrain: " + Talt. set G to (-9.81). //CHANGE WITH PLANET! print "Gravity: " + G. set TA to (SHIP:MAXTHRUST/SHIP:MASS). print "Total Acceleration: " + TA. set P to ship:facing:pitch. print "Pitch: " + P. set A to (TA)(cos(P)). print "Vertical Acceleration: " + A. set T to ((VV + SQRT(VV^2 - 2(Talt)(G + A)))/-(G+A)). print "Impact Time: " + T. set S to ((velocity:surface:mag)/(D)). print "Stop Time: " + S. 

I have been learning Canary layout for the past month and wanted to share my experience in case others were thinking of trying it out, since, as a beginner to alternative keyboard layouts, I would have liked a post like this before I tried it out. If you have any questions please ask.
For context, I have been touch typing in qwerty for the past 5 years. I type in English. Canary is my first alternative keyboard layout. I am using the row staggered version of canary as I use it on my laptop keyboard. I use the same keyboard to type in qwerty. I do not use vim motions so I cannot comment on that. Here is the layout for referrence:
```
w l y p k z x o u ;
c r s t b f n e i a
j v d g q m h / , .
```
Firstly, I like how it feels for the most part. There are plenty of rells which start of end on the index finger which makes it feel good. Outward rolls on the right hand often start from the index letter 'h' to the rest of the vowels. Inward rolls very often end on the index letter 'n' or 'm', and it is likely followed by an outward roll starting from the index 't' or 'd' on the left hand. This passing between the hands feels very satisfying. Vowels are arranged in a pleasant way. I rarely have to type the single finger bigrams in 'eo, oe' and 'iu, ui' so it is comfortable overall.
There are a few letters I often make mistakes on, such as 's', 'o' and 'w'. I think this is because they are one key away from their qwerty spots. Canary for row staggered keyboards is meant to be used with 'angle cheat'. On qwerty, this would mean using the index to type 'c' instead of using the middle finger. This adjustment is rather comfortable and it ir one way I can tell my brain that I am in 'canary mode': I sit so that my shoulders face slightly to the right, I point my left wrist to the right to accomodate for the 'angle cheat' method.
I practice typing out the novel 1984 and I realise how common 'w' is in creative writing. I have to say that 'w' is not in my favourite spot, as I must move my hand to reach it with my pinky.
One aspect I wanted to share was the hand balance. The right hand is busy as it manages all of the vowels. As recommended, I use the left thumb to press space. This is another way I can tell my mind that I am in 'canary mode' (as I normally press space with the right thumb). I have to say that my right hand is doing noticeably more work. My left hand is moving more to reach letters and press the space, but I definitely feel that my right hand fingers are engaged more. I am right handed and I do not suffer from pains, so it does not bother me much. This might be a more important factor for others.
I have not tried fully immersing myself in canary by rejecting qwerty altogether. I think as a result, I am able to switch between qwerty and canary somewhat well. I still write at 60 wpm in qwerty and I am writing at 45 wpm in canary. I would say overall that I recommend learning canary for comfort. This was my initial goal when deciding on a layout.

Hey Reddit! I like to challenge myself in life, and today I asked myself "am I capable of creating a language on a single A4 sheet?" When I say "create a language" I mean developing the basis of grammar (verbs, adjectives, nouns) of syntax, phonology and creating a small lexicon. So I took a printer sheet and started and this is what I got: what do you think ?
Phonology
a [a/ɑ] b [b] c [ʃ] d [d] e [ɛ/e] f [f] g [g] h [h] i [ɪ/i] j [j] k [k] l [l] m [m] n [n/ŋ] o [o/ɔ] p [p] r [r] s [s] t [t] u [u/ʊ] v [w/v] x [x] z [z]
Stress is placed on the first syllable of the word, in a compound word it is placed on the first syllable of the two words that compose it. Each vowel has a stressed (left of the slash) and unstressed (right of the slash) form. The v is pronounced [w] as the first letter of the word and n is pronounced [ŋ] as the last letter of the word.
Personal pronouns
i = i
u = you
o = he/she
ci = we
cu = you (plurial)
co = they
To form the possessive pronoun we add -m to the end of the personal pronoun (im, um, om, cim, cum, com).
Nouns
There are no genders, nouns end in a vowel except a. The plural is made up by doubling the middle syllable of the word or the first syllable if the word is made up of only two syllables. For example: huxogo (a dog) > huxoxogo (dogs), mano (human) > mamano (humans). The order of the sentences is SVO. The definite article is "re" for example: re huxogo (the dog), re mamano (the humans). The suffix -iti is a diminutive, and -omg is an augmentative.
Adjectives
Adjectives all end in a. They are placed before the noun. They are invariable; they do not vary in gender or number. The suffix se- indicates negation and allows new adjectives to be created. The comparative prefix suffixes are: mol- (more, more than) pil- (less, less than) ko- (as much, as much as) examples : molbela (blacker) pilbena (less good) koxara (as bad).
Verbs
All verbs end with a consonant. The verb is conjugated with the person, to indicate the person you must add the personal pronoun at the end of the infinitive form of the verb as a suffix, example: lakan (to sing) > lakani (I sing) meten (to think) > metenu ( you think) etc. There are three tenses, past present future. The future is created by doubling the first syllable of the verb and the past by doubling the middle syllable of the verb, example : lalakani (I will sing) metetenu (you thought). The conditional is formed with the prefix po- and the imperative with the prefix hi- examples: polakani (I would sing) hilakanu! (sings!)
Prepositions and numbers
List of the most common prepositions:
tos (to/in), nos (on), sos (under), kos (inside), jos (between), do (for), ze (this,) mem (all), taj (after), vaj (before), sec (with), vu (when), os (or), ve (where), ag (in), a (of), zec (from/of), rep (until), nan (by), ses (without), sez (except), ru (to), xu (here), cu (there), kil (who), kol (what), molo (many), polo (little), oto (other), ej (and), ker (how), kon (like).
Ul (1) dul (2) tul (3) kul (4) pul (5) sul (6) cul (7) rul (8) vul (9) al (10) mil (1000) mel (1000). To form a number beyond ten: alul (11) alpul (15) alvul (19), dulal (20) tulal (30) kulal (40) pulal (50) sulal (60) culal (70) rulal (80) vulal (90). Dulmildulalkul (2024).
Lexicon
big - baga, long - laga, wide - bara, end - taca, heavy - olga, small - pila, woman - zina, man - moro, child - nane, human - mano, husband/wife - seceja, mother - mane, father - pane, animal - alaro, fish - perece, bird - ajvelo, dog - huxogo, snake - seseru, worm - bulelu, tree - darava, forest - daratan, stick - satake, fruit - fogo. seed - cededa, root - rodera, flower - varele, grass - garara, skin - kulule, meat - merute, bololu - blood, big - bogoga, egg - oboco, horn - koroko, tail - loderu, feather - salele, hair - fivelu, head - kalabu, ear - vurale, eye - okoco, nose - nosone, mouth - lagene, tooth - danatu, tongue/language - jazeku, nail - kororo, foot - porogo, wing - valane, belly - javane, back - sepeke, breast - beselo, heart - korosu, sit down - siden, stand up - olocan, lie down - cereten, dig - gulul, turns - calan, move - movon, sun - sonano, moon - lune, star - seteru, water - vada, rain - relvada, riviève - rivake, lake - logu, sea ​​- maru, stone - ruku, earth - gaja, cloud - logo, air - aroja, sky - rele, wind - vele, snow - netu, ice - ire, smoke - sogo, fire - eresu, ash - tajeresu, burn - eresan, road - raga, mountain - rukutan, red - rora, green - gula, yellow - jola, white - bela, black - neca, day - daze, year - deda, hot - karaxa, cold - seraxa, new - nova, good - bena, bad - xara, right - pave, left - leve, wet - cuca, dry - secuca, because - karu, noun - anomu, cat - kato, pig - pogo, have - aben, be - esen, walk - takan, love - aman, sleep - senan, drink - galab, eat - kapak, live - javan, read - cetat, write - setat, speak - pokan, say - daran, sing - lakan, play - igeran, draw - xetaten, give - dakef, do - dobef, run - paratan, swim - vopon, see - vekan, feel - noson, taste - lagen, laugh - hararan, hit - kaben, dance - tanesan, return - paran, go out - cezet, ride - lavan, go down - lovon, cross - xeten, fly - valan, bite - macar, breathe - volal, know - sanan, think - meten, hold - tagen, pose - pagen, wash - veref, apple - abolo, house/home - damo
Example sentence
Re pila nane igerarano sec om pila bela katita tos baga damo selaga zec re daratan, om pane sidedeno ej citatato. Taj, co tatakanco tos re deretan vu re relvada se eseno.
[rɛ pilɑ nane igerɑrɑnɔ sɛʃ om pilɑ bɛlɑ katɪtɑ tos bagɑ damɔ sɜlɑgɑ zɛʃ rɛ darɑtɑŋ, om pane sidedenɔ ɛj ʃitɑtɑtɔ. taj ʃo tatɑkɑnʃɔ tos rɛ darɑtɑŋ wu rɛ rɛlvadɑ sɛ ɛsenɔ]
The little girl was playing with her little white kitten in a big house not far from the forest, her father is sitting and reading. Later they will go for a walk in the forest when the rain stops.

TL;DR

• Bought flat in England, old windows that affected neighbours
• Building facade started being repaired
• Changed bedroom windows summer last year, but not balcony windows because window company didnt want to
• New owner from flat below tells me they got a leak from new windows
• Downstairs neighbour problem worsened without me knowing
• Facade works company that was supposed to fix leaks said the problem is new windows connection to old windows
• Facade works company seems to have dissappeared and have not applied temporary fixes they said they would
• In March I learned of how bad my downstairs neighbour had it and I contacted new company to change balcony windows (which I was already trying to do)
• Got a letter last week from downstairs neighbour solicitor asking me to acknowledge receipt, and a copy of a letter to the freehold to get the insurance details to pay for damages to their flat
• Not sure what do? Get solicitor? join in with meighbour wiht same solicitor? Am i responsible?
• Important info: Sharehold with a Freeholder for multiple buildings, windows are flats owner responsibility but outside isn't, window company that installed new windows doesn't take responsibility, facade company dissappeared.

Too short; want to read
I bought my flat in England in a high-rise about 4 years ago. When I did, I did it knowingly that the windows needed replacing as they were in a pretty bad state. Shortly after, the board informed that there was moisture and humidity coming in from my spare bedroom windows both to my upstairs and downstairs neighbour. I also noticed that there was a big hole in the wall where the windows meet the wall and I asked the board if that's something we should be concerned about, but they said since it was inside they didn't care. I was already set in changing the windows anyways, but I was told by the board that it would be cheaper to wait until some facade works start before doing so as the costs would be lower.
About two years later, the facade work finally started and I joined a list of flats that were getting their windows replaced (at our own cost but supposedly cheaper). I wanted to change both bedroom windows and the balcony windows. Sadly, due to the window company delay on getting their insurance sorted, when they were able to start the work about one year later (last summer), they were only able to change the bedroom windows and not the balcony (as the facade work had already finished the balconies and the window company wasn't prepared to set up their own abseilers for that side of the building). This was obviously not what I was expecting but I was happy to at least get some of the work done.
After the bedroom windows were changed, my downstairs neighbour almost immediately informed that there was big leak in their ceiling that could be related to that. I immediately informed the window company, and my neighbour told me they had informed the company that did the facade work. Important to mention here that the main purpose of the facade work was to seal up any leaks coming into the building as the facade was in a pretty bad state of disrepair, and all the flats informed them of the problems they had (including me about the moisture affecting both my neighbours).
Before moving on some more background and some abbreviations. The building is managed in a sharehold agreement (with an elected Board and a management company), but I do believe there's a freehold that is managed separately that includes this and other buildings in the same block. The leasehold for my flat makes it clear that windows are flat owner's responsibility, but that the outside walls are the remit of the building company. The balconies were initially open for all flats, but most flats had them enclosed (including the previous owner of my flat). The downstairs and upstairs neighbours bought their flats after me, when the moisture issues had already been reported (not sure if it matters).
Downstairs neighbour is person A, facade work company is company X, windows company is company Y, sharehold company (and management and the Board) is the Board.
Back to the story, company X and company Y came to check the leak, but they couldn't find the source. They did some minor repairs that would hopefully fix the issue. Company Y implied that this was not their responsibility as Company X was supposed to verify that the outside facade and the window installation was done correctly (and btw, this was all approved by the council as it needs special permission because of it being a high-rise). Company X took the mantle of continuing the investigation, liaising with person A, Company Y and me for access and check ups.
I thought the issue may have been fixed, I didn't hear from any of them for about 2 months, when Person A approached me again to indicate that the leaks were still ongoing. I contacted again Company Y and Company X to come have a look, and I informed the Board of the problem (though I believe Person A had already let them know). They agreed to take out the frame of the windows to verify where the leak was coming from. It took them about another 2 months to finally come over to do that (Decemeber last year), removing the frame and verifying that it was all dry, and they again did some minor repairs this time to the outside and the inside of the window installation. Company X indicated in January that the problem was coming from our balcony windows and where they connected to the new bedroom windows, and that we needed to get the balcony windows replaced but they could try another temporary fix.
I learned later that at the same time that they were investigating the leaks, Company X (I think), informed Person A that their ceiling in the spare bedroom was at risk of collapse due to the leaks, and they removed it at the start of this year (the separation between the floors obviously still there, just the ceiling). In February Company X informed us that Person A was thinking of taking a legal route to get the issue sorted, and in March, Person A informed us of all the stuff we didn't know (how bad their situation was, including humidity in their kitchen wall which is next to the spare bedroom) and that they were going to contact their solicitors if we didn't get a date to get our balcony windows replaced. According to Person A, Company X had a report done on this that was not sent to me and I hadn't seen (but after seeing it, it's still vague on where the problem lies).
Important to note, that as soon as I was informed of the leaks coming in from the windows installation in summer last year, I started looking at windows company that would be willing to replace the balcony windows as I knew they were a problem regardless of those leaks and was better to get them sorted. I contacted around 2 or 3 companies but none of them wanted to work in the building, though some came to chat with the Board and even gave me initial quotes. This process took months, and it wasn't until February this year that I was able to find a company (Company Z) willing to do it and gave us a quote that was too expensive (sadly). I asked them to clarify why the quote was so high.
After I was informed by person A in March, I immediately contacted Company Z again to understand the quote they had giving me in February. I called and called for a whole two weeks, and got a final approval on getting the windows done, but Company Z is not able to do it until July this year and I have paid the deposit even though no date has been set. Person A didn't take it further aside for some more back and forth emails trying to get clarification.
Person A and me both tried to contact Company X to do the temporary fix they talked about, but they seemed to have stopped responding and the temporary fix was never done. Last week, I got a letter in the post from Person A solicitors indicating that they had sent a letter to the Freehold with a copy of the report (first time I've seen it), and asking the Freehold to reply and send their insurance company details. This letter also indicates that urgent steps need to be taken to resolve this issue (but doesn't place blame on me or anything). I'm just asked to acknowledge the receipt of the letter. I also have a copy of the letter they sent to the Freehold which seems more legally threatening.
oof, that was a lot. But basically the first question is if I should acknowledge receipt of the letter (I think I should). Second question is if I should approach those same solicitors as also a party that was harmed by all of this (as my windows still have problems affecting me), and if not, if I should try to find a solicitor now. I can see how Company X, Company Y, the Board and even the Freehold could be liable for this, but I'm also afraid that they may try to recoup costs from me. I think I have participated in all of this with as urgency as I could as I was informed of the issues, and have taken steps to resolve everything. I really hope that by July that issue will be resolved, but since the report is vague and commissioned by a biased party, I'm not sure if that's the real problem.
Finally third question is what do you think of all this? Who would you say is responsible and what actions should be taken? Is there anything I could do to improve the situation?

Hello all, I have an issue to which I can't seem to find the answer. My setup is as such:
A NAS with my content with a small pc running Plex, Sonarr, Radarr and Bazarr. I've mapped the folder to a drive letter, Z:.
Plex, Sonarr and Radarr are all fine with this, but for some reason Bazarr gives me an error (Error 500: Episode file not found. Path mapping issue?) when trying to search for a subtitle. I've done a little googling and mapped the folders to their respective UNC path in Bazarr, but that doesn't seem to work for some reason. This is the Sonarr path mapping for example.
Maybe one of you can see my mistake right away.

The professor is in a bit of a pickle. Beau, the well-meaning yet slobbery Saint Bernard/Mastiff mix, slobbered all over the professor's English 101: Introduction to Literary Techniques papers, reducing them to a splotchy blue Rorschach test. Help the professor by helping with the names of the first years in the course.
-- Class: English 101: Introduction to Literary Techniques
-- Location: Hall name same as a famous philosopher, room number is a prime number
-- Professor: (M) The professor has a first name of a fictional monarch and his middle name is a US capital. His surname is a verb that starts with one of the first ten letters of the alphabet [A to J]. He (obviously) loves books, specifically books from the early 17th and 18th century that his grandmother used to read to him.
-- Teaching Assistant (N) A nonbinary Creative Writing major from Chicago, Illinois who has dyed blue/indigo hair, freckles, wears thick yet sleek glasses, and always has their nails painted in intricate designs by their sister who is a manicurist. They want to be an editor of a large pulication like Elle or Vogue Magazine one day. Their first name is typically given to boys and their middle name is typically given to girls, though both are gender neutral. Their surname is the same as a famous publicist.
-- Student One: (M) A business student with a minor in English, he looks like a typical NPC. He has brown hair, brown eyes, undistinguishable figures, and usually wears a blue hoodie and jeans. He is really into video games and currently works as a video game tester for his twin younger brothers who program books. His mom named all four of her children alliterative names. His name is related to historical business owners. His surname is a colour.
-- Student Two: (F) A biology student who is just taking this course so she can get rid of English early. She does not like books, though she did enjoy books like Superfudge when she was a kid. She has the name of a widely disliked or villainized literary character and her middle name is also that of an infamous historical figure. Her surname is nautical.
-- Student Three: (F) A English major with a philosophy minor, this student loves to think and loves books that have a message. When she isn't in class, she is protesting one thing or another (her current protest is against the use of low-quality meat for prisoners, military personnel, and students). Her first name is a gender neutral name and her middle name is the same as an activist. Her surname is the same as a president's.
-- Student Four: (M) A rare adult student, this student is in his late-thirties and a dad of two. He has already warned the professor he'll be late every day since he has to come to class just after dropping his daughters off at school. He has the first name of a TV sitcom father and the middle name of a literary dad. His surname starts with "Mc" or "Mac" though the professor doesn't remember which one.
-- Student Five: (M) A "legacy student," this student's four older sisters all went through the professor's course. Being constantly compared to them drives him insane. Unlike his sisters, who are all overachievers and who have "bright futures ahead of them," he can barely decide on his major, much less what he'll do with it. His name is the same as a famous pirate and his middle name, like all his sisters', starts with S to honour Great-Grandpa Sylvester. His surname is an animal often used in an idiom, though the professor cannot remember which one.
-- Student Six: (F) A geography major, this student is a sophomore who joined the professor's class after her friend raved about how he taught it. She is childish, likes to make dad jokes, and enjoys to collect things. Her dad has called her his little "Mary Anne" from a mispronuncation of the tongue twister, which is why she now just goes by the the name Marianne. However, her Nigerian parents gave her a first name that is common of girls in South Africa and a middle name that commemorates a famous Nigerian writer. Her surname starts with a letter in the latter half of the alphabet (N to Z).
-- Student Seven: (N) An early childhood education major, they are taking the English class to help them learn how to better teach their classes in the future. They enjoy painting and comic books, though they have no favourite hero or preference for DC or Marvel. Their first name is a typically a surname and their middle name is a letter spelled out. Their surname is a very feminine French name.
-- Student Eight: (M) A English major with a communications minor, he is very well-versed with world literature. Having moved around a lot as a kid due to his dad's military service, this student's mother had tried to mitigate the constant sadness of moving by getting her kids books from everywhere they lived. The student loved Japanese books the most, though he is now into anime. His name is very patriotic and his surname is the same as a famous historical figure, a distant relative of his.
[Game originally published im namegames]

i’m trying to make a “hazbin hotel alphabet” and i’ve got every letter except X and Z. i even went through episode 3 a million times trying to see if anyone started a sentence with “zestial”. i might result to having the X and Z in the middle of the sentence if it comes down to it.

The professor is in a bit of a pickle. Beau, the well-meaning yet slobbery Saint Bernard/Mastiff mix, slobbered all over the professor's English 101: Introduction to Literary Techniques papers, reducing them to a splotchy blue Rorschach test. Help the professor by helping with the names of the first years in the course.
-- Class: English 101: Introduction to Literary Techniques
-- Location: Hall name same as a famous philosopher, room number is a prime number
-- Professor: (M) The professor has a first name of a fictional monarch and his middle name is a US capital. His surname is a verb that starts with one of the first ten letters of the alphabet [A to J]. He (obviously) loves books, specifically books from the early 17th and 18th century that his grandmother used to read to him.
-- Teaching Assistant (N) A nonbinary Creative Writing major from Chicago, Illinois who has dyed blue/indigo hair, freckles, wears thick yet sleek glasses, and always has their nails painted in intricate designs by their sister who is a manicurist. They want to be an editor of a large pulication like Elle or Vogue Magazine one day. Their first name is typically given to boys and their middle name is typically given to girls, though both are gender neutral. Their surname is the same as a famous publicist.
-- Student One: (M) A business student with a minor in English, he looks like a typical NPC. He has brown hair, brown eyes, undistinguishable figures, and usually wears a blue hoodie and jeans. He is really into video games and currently works as a video game tester for his twin younger brothers who program books. His mom named all four of her children alliterative names. His name is related to historical business owners. His surname is a colour.
-- Student Two: (F) A biology student who is just taking this course so she can get rid of English early. She does not like books, though she did enjoy books like She has the name of a widely disliked or villainized literary character and her middle name is also that of an infamous historical figure. Her surname is nautical.
-- Student Three: (F) A English major with a philosophy minor, this student loves to think and loves books that have a message. When she isn't in class, she is protesting one thing or another (her current protest is against the use of low-quality meat for prisoners, military personnel, and students). Her first name is a gender neutral name and her middle name is the same as an activist. Her surname is the same as a president's.
-- Student Four: (M) A rare adult student, this student is in his late-thirties and a dad of two. He has already warned the professor he'll be late every day since he has to come to class just after dropping his daughters off at school. He has the first name of a TV sitcom father and the middle name of a literary dad. His surname starts with "Mc" or "Mac" though the professor doesn't remember which one.
-- Student Five: (M) A "legacy student," this student's four older sisters all went through the professor's course. Being constantly compared to them drives him insane. Unlike his sisters, who are all overachievers and who have "bright futures ahead of them," he can barely decide on his major, much less what he'll do with it. His name is the same as a famous pirate and his middle name, like all his sisters', starts with S to honour Great-Grandpa Sylvester. His surname is an animal often used in an idiom, though the professor cannot remember which one.
-- Student Six: (F) A geography major, this student is a sophomore who joined the professor's class after her friend raved about how he taught it. She is childish, likes to make dad jokes, and enjoys to collect things. Her dad has called her his little "Mary Anne" from a mispronuncation of the tongue twister, which is why she now just goes by the the name Marianne. However, her Nigerian parents gave her a first name that is common of girls in South Africa and a middle name that commemorates a famous Nigerian writer. Her surname starts with a letter in the latter half of the alphabet (N to Z).
-- Student Seven: (N) An early childhood education major, they are taking the English class to help them learn how to better teach their classes in the future. They enjoy painting and comic books, though they have no favourite or preference for DC or Marvel. Their first name is a typically a surname and their middle name is a letter spelled out. Their surname is a very feminine French name.
-- Student Eight: (M) A English major with a communications minor, he is very well-versed with world literature. Having moved around a lot as a kid due to his dad's military service, this student's mother had tried to mitigate the constant sadness of moving by getting her kids books from everywhere they lived. The student loved Japanese books the most, though he is now into anime. His name is very patriotic and his surname is the same as a famous historical figure, a distant relative of his.

I have seen a lot of posts talking about jerseys of late and wanted to share some basic info with other fans. I have been collecting jerseys for the past 20 years and have owned at least 500 jerseys in my time doing this. I currently have around 40. I have learned quite a bit about the ins-and-outs. I hope you find this useful.
First up, lets talk vocabulary.

• Chassis of a jersey refers to the material and cut of a jersey, sans the numbers.
• Fanatics is an online monopoly in the retail jersey world. They have been producing all officially-licensed retail jerseys with a Nike or Fanatics branding for the NFL since 2020. Fanatics owned sites include Fanatics, Fansedge, NFLShop, Lids, Sports memorabilia, JC Penny, and others. They are inevitable.
• Legitimate is used synonymously with licensed with respect to determining authenticity of a jersey.
• Heat Press is using heat to apply vinyl numbers to a material.
• Heat Seal is using heat to melt and fuse the edges of plastic materials to create a seal.
• Sublimation refers to the process of 'ink printing' onto a jersey. This is achieved by printing onto a transfer sheet and then transferring the ink printing to a jersey via heat. For NFL fan jerseys, this is exclusively a thin polyester material.
• Tackle Twill is traditionally a polyester blend with a diagonal rib weave pattern. It is commonly used for jersey numbers.

Lets talk about the types of jerseys that can be had. Generally speaking, there are 8 "tiers" of jerseys that span 3 categories. These tiers can be loosely classified as Discount Store, Sublimated, Vinyl Print/Heat Pressed, T-Shirt Stitched, Retail Authentic, Autograph, Player Issued/Used, and Counterfeit. The 3 categories are Retail, For Player Use, and Counterfeit.
Discount Store Jerseys: Retail
These are jerseys that are typically sold in stores such as Wal-Mart, target, or other big-box stores. They often have the same base template for all 32 teams and are primarily nylon mesh with heat sealed numbers. Their price tag is typically $25-50 and are typically marketed to kids. Here is an example of a Discount Store Jersey.
My Opinion: Good for kids who are growing fast but ultimately these look, feel, and are extremely cheaply made. The print will quickly crack. Grade: D
Sublimated: Retail
Known as a Nike Legend jersey, these jerseys are a thin polyester Dry-Fit type material. All colors are sublimated onto the jersey. Their price tag is currently $100. Here is an example of a Nike Legend jersey with sublimated coloring and numbers.
My opinion: These jerseys are very light and comfortable but will snag incredibly easily, A cat, Velcro, sharp counter, or seatbelt rubbing will cause irreparable snags and light to heavy wear spots. Stains do not come out of these. They are worthwhile if you only intend for a few uses or can be had for far below retail. Grade: D+
Vinyl Print/Heat Press: Retail
These jerseys are referred to by Fanatics as "Nike Game." They are 100% Polyester Tricot shirts with a chassis resembling a T-Shirt. They have vinyl decals and stripes with heat pressed numbers. These are the most commonly purchased jerseys and can be found at any sports store or pro shop. Their price tag is currently $130 ($180 for customized). Here is an example of a Nike Game jersey with heat pressed numbers.
My Opinion: They are harder to snag than the sublimated jerseys but do not resist stains well. Their vinyl numbers and decals are prone to cracking with washes (always wash cold with no fabric softener and hang dry!). They will last for a few years of Sunday wearing before the break down. They are not realistically repairable. Grade: C
T-Shirt Stitched: Retail
Known as "Nike Limited," these jerseys used the same chassis and the vinyl print jerseys above for the first few years of their existence (2012-2015/16). Their decals and stripes are printed while the numbers are made of a material similar to a thick plastic bag. Nike Limited chassis have ranged from Speed Machine to Vapor to Fuse but largely have remained the same in material with the bulk of changes being aesthetic. These jerseys are typically only released for select players and restocked near the beginning of the season. Their price tag is currently $175. Here is an example of a Nike Limited FUSE jersey with stitched on, plastic-bag like numbers.
Edit: as of 2024 all Nike Limited jersey are no longer stitched with twill. Instead, they are heat pressed onto the FUSE chassis. The only difference between a "Game" and a "Limited" is now the chassis.
My opinion: these are the best "bang for your buck" retail jerseys in terms of aesthetic and durability. The numbers will last longer than the vinyl numbers of the heat pressed jerseys but do have a tendency to bubble in heat and can look very old if the numbers obtain hard creases. These creases are nearly impossible to remove from the twill. Without spending 2 Benjamíns, these look much better than the previous. I do miss the days when they were $130 and far more worth it at the time. Grade: B
Retail Authentic: Retail
Known as "Nike Elite," these are marketed as "the closest thing to what the players wear that you can get in stores." They feature cuffed sleeves and a slimmer fit. They are made of Nylon and Spandex and stretch, unlike others. Patches and decals are embroidered on and stripes may be fabric or printed. Elites have had a few different chassis, beginning in 2012 with an Elite 51, then to the Speed machine in 2016 and 2017, Vapor in 2017 and 2018, and FUSE in 2023. The twill used on these jerseys is different from the limited, being thinner and more pliable. The sizes of Elites is measured, not in SML, but with chest measurements instead (Listed as 40, 44, 48, and so on). Their neck tag will be embroidered on. Their price tag is currently $350 ($335 for older models, $385 for personalized elites). Here is an example of a Nike Elite FUSE jersey.
My opinion: They are the best retail jersey you can buy but the Fanatics price is not worth it. The number quality of these is poor for the cost. I personally recommend buying blank templates of these on various resale sites or used elites and stripping the numbers off. Blank elites may run anywhere from $50 to $300. These jerseys can then be sent to tailors for number customizations. This typically runs $120 to $200 depending on the team, need to strip, and other factors. I personally recommend the Seattle Seahawks team tailor, STT Sports Lettering Co, as they use team authentic twill on all jerseys they customize. Here is an example of a Nike Vapor Elite that STT customized for me. Grade: C (Fanatics), B+ (tailored)
Autograph: Retail
These jerseys are often referred to as "customs" and are typically unlicensed. They are made primaily for autograph signings and not to wear. Many may come with odd chassis to be easier to frame. Quality and materials vary widely. Here is an example of an Autograph "custom" jersey.
My opinion: I am not a fan though some do look good in frames. To each their own. Grade: (it depends)
Player Issued/Game Used: For Player Use
These are jerseys created specifically for in-game use and are not directly available for fans to buy. These jerseys use much more durable polyester blend than any retail jersey. They use much thicker and pliable twill than a retail jersey. These jerseys are designed to be beat up. Each jersey issued to a player is cut to their liking. The sleeves, waistline, and neckline may be altered, among many other additions. These jerseys can be purchased via occasional team sales, through team or NFL related auction houses, and on various resale websites. Their prices vary largely on player, team, and whether or not they were used in game. The cheapest can typically be purchased for around $100 for an issued, non-game used while the most expensive can be had for tens of to hundreds of thousands of dollars. Here is an example of a game used FUSE jersey.
My opinion: These are 2nd to none but their price is not attainable for many. Lesser known players can be purchased for less than most retails and wearing these always gets a few comments. Grade: (it depends)
Counterfeit
These jerseys are based upon a Nike Elite. Many fans will incorrectly compare them to vinyl print jerseys. They often use inferior materials and their chassis can vary vastly in fit. The materials used are not consistent. Most can be had directly from wholesale sites for under $30. eBay resellers will often try to pass these off as legitimate to unsuspecting buyers at large markups. Here is an example of a counterfeit jersey.
My opinion: I think counterfeit jerseys are always obvious. They look very cheap and often are incorrect. If you are on a budget or just want a jersey to wear without worry of stains, then maybe these are for you, though I would recommend a used legitimate jersey over a counterfeit. Grade: F
Now that you know what types of jersey are what, lets talk about how to spot the difference between a legitimate jersey and a counterfeit. I would recommend that you watch this video to learn about the differences between legitimate and counterfeit jerseys. I am happy to answer any other question in the comments!
So, what should you buy? That largely depends on your budget. In general, I believe in going used if I can. I am a collector of game used and issued jerseys and most of my retails were purchased secondhand and tailored. Please feel free to comment with any link and I will happily help you discern whether a jersey is legitimate or counterfeit, as well as what tier it falls into and what it is likely worth.
Thanks for reading!